Computerized Inventory System

II. PROJECT DESCRIPTION ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­In this chapter, the students who are the developer of the system are going to tackle about the company’s main problem in its existing system and are also going to discuss the specific problem that causes the host company’s loss and incompetency to the market. The propose system that the students come up with will be discuss to maximize the competency of the host company along with the details, the scope and limitations, and the methodology used for the study.2.1.2 Problem Statement In this chapter the proponent will specify the general and specific problems of their company that has encounter through interview or observation.2.1.1 Major StatementHow to create a Computerized Sales and Inventory System for Alta School & Office Supply that will solve the major and minor problems of the store? Alta School & Office Supply using the manual system for the operation of the inventory and the cashier operator transacts all purchases using a cash register. The proponents decided then to develop a computer-based sales and inventory system that the store can use to be able to solve major and minor problems encountered when using a manual system in doing these operation.2.1.2 Minor StatementsHow to develop a module that will make the user easily find and validate returned products? Product returned include damage items when a product is returned, it should be accompanied with the receipt of the purchased product. Since only the product category and its price are indicated in the receipt, it would be hard for the manager to easily find and validate the product and the receipt so as to accept the return transaction.How to create a module that is enable to generate updated report such as the sales report and inventory report, as well as fast moving and slow moving products reports that is available anytime is needed? The store does not have an actual inventory report and their sales report are made and calculated just throug h the receipt from the cash register. The general manager cannot identify which products are fast moving and which are slow moving because the general manager cannot identify what specific products are commonly bought and what are not. Information for fast moving and slow moving items is essential so as to be aware of the products that need more attention in terms of the reordering of these products.How to create a module that is able to implement security with regards to the information and files so as to keep data integrity? Important documents can be altered since anyone can gain access to these documents. Another problem is regarding to cashier operators. Since there is no security with regards to who can use the cash registers unauthorized sales transactions may occur, thus resulting to loss of data integrity and reliability.II.1 Proposed Research ProjectII.1.1 General ObjectivesThe general objective of the study is to make a Computerized Sales and Inventory System for Alta Sch ool and Office Supply that will solve, improve the some features that can help of the store. The proponents will design and develop a Computer-based Sales and Inventory System for Alta School and Office Supply that will solve major and minor problems encountered in the current system used. This will eventually help the host company speed-up the process of the whole system. II.1.2 Specific ObjectivesTo develop a module that will organize the record of all the information about the system. In this statement the proponents need to organize the record of all the information about the system so that we can easily see all the information we need to see if it is necessary. Without organization the system will have corrupted files and revision would be impossible in the database.To develop a module that will compute the sales and record transaction for the amount product purchased, and the number available in the store. The proponents can improve the manual system for this module, computati on and recording to be faster and more accurate that will lessen human error and is  more reliable than the existing process.To create a module that will build a security that will protect the company’s confidential file. The proponents will develop a security to protect the feature where the data files and information will be secured from the unauthorized person and to avoid any of alteration of data files. The system cannot be used without any users, because it is required in the system.II.1.3 Scope and LimitationsThe Study is conducted to develop computerized sales and inventory system for Alta School & Office Supply. This computerized sales and inventory will ease the work of the persons involved in this system to minimize their tasks as well as to keep up with the technology nowadays. System proposed system is conducted to develop computerized sales and inventory system for Alta School & Office Supply.The computerized system will help minimize the problem encountered i n the existing manual system of the company as well as to keep up with technology nowadays. The proposed system will feature file maintenance module that allows editing, adding, and maintaining of information pertaining to the products, product’s category, suppliers, and system users. Returned product/s due to damage which is accepted for return or exchange can be easily validated through a reliable receipt that will indicate the store’s name, product name, product price and the date that purchased or date of transaction will be adjusted in a returns form.LimitationsThe system cannot provide a payment using credit cards. Obviously it is more profitable to have an online ordering but probably it cannot apply them online orders. The transaction or method cannot be converted in to a computerized system and can only be done manually such as evaluating the reports or suggesting an alternate product or any decision related problem.II.1.4 MethodologyThe proponent’s met hod in making the system is the Systems Development Life Cycle or simply SDLC is the methodology that we used in our system. It is the development cycle designed to give much faster. To be able to accomplish  the requirements of the proposed system, the proponents decided to use the System Development Life Cycle or simply SDLC and divided the cycle into five phases. The SDLC is a phased approach to analysis and design that hold that systems are best developed through the use of a specific cycle of analyst and user activities. Although each phase is presented discretely, the proponents did not intentionally make them as separate steps instead, several activities may occur concurrently, and activities may be repeated, because SDLC is more useful if it is applied as phases rather than in separate steps.Planning Priorities for system and projects; an architectures for data, networks, and selection hardware, and IS management are the result of associated systems; Detailed steps, or wor k plan, for project:Specification of system scope and planning and high level system requirements or features; Assignment of team members and other resources; System justification or business case.Analysis Description of current system and where problems or opportunities are with a general recommendation on how to fix, enhance, or replace current system; Explain of alterative systems and justification for chosen alterativeDesign Functional, detailed specifications of all system elements (data, processes, inputs, and outputs); Technical, detailed specification of all system elements (programs, files, network, system, software, etc.).Implementation Code, documentation, training procedures, and support capabilities.Maintenance New version or releases of software with associated updates to documentation, training, and support.

Sandra Jones

The plaintiff in this case is Sandra Jones, and the defendant is Winnie Tsige. What is case is about is Winnie Tsige, has been surreptitiously looking at Sandra Jones banking records. 2. The case was heard September 29, 2011 by the court of appeal for Ontario, and the result at the original trial was does Ontario law recognize a right to bring a civil action for damages for the invasion of personal privacy. 3. The court that heard the case in the attached file was Kevin M. V.Whitaker, of the Superior court of Justice, date March 23 2011, with reasons reported at 2011 ONSC 1475, 333 D. L. R (4TH) 566. 4. The important facts in this case is Tsige and Jones did not know each other, and Tsige was in a relationship with Jones former husband. The other important fact were as a bank employee, Tsige had full access to Jones banking information and contrary to the bank’s policy, looked into Jones banking records at least 174 times over a period of four years. . The issues that the cour t had to decide is whether the motion judge erred by granting summary judgment and dismissing Jones claim for damages on the ground that Ontario law does not recognize the tort of beach of primacy. 6. The court refer to other cases because Jones appeals to the court, raising the following issue, did the motion judge err in holding that Ontario law does not recognize a cause of action for invasion of privacy. 7.The elements that are necessary in order to be successful with an action for intrusion upon seclusion is first, the defendant’s conduct must be intentional, within which I would include reckless; second that the defendant must have invaded, without lawful justification, the plaintiff’s private affairs or concerns; and third that a reasonable person would regard the invasion as highly offensive causing distress, humiliation or anguish. . The limitations on an action for intrusion upon seclusion are it is only intrusions into matters such as one’s financial or health records, sexual practices and orientation, employment, diary or private correspondence that, viewed objectively on the reasonable person standard, can be described as highly offensive. 9.The factors that the court will consider in setting damages in an action for intrusion upon seclusion is Tsige’s actions were deliberate and repeated and arose from complex web of domestic arrangements likely to provoke strong feelings and animosity, two Jones was understandably very upset by the intrusion into her private financial affairs, and Jones suffered no public embarrassment or harm to her health, welfare, social, business or financial position and Tsige has apologized for her conduct and made genuine attempts to make amends. 0. How this decision changes the law of intentional torts is intentional torts are actions by individuals or businesses that intentionally cause harm to others. When intentional torts occur in the workplace, they are often the result of employees losin g their tempers, but in this case Tsige repeatedly examined the private bank records of Jones and did not take any money or any harm to her banking she just committed the tort of intrusion upon seclusion because Tsige looked at Jones banking records 174 over a four year period. 11.This case has a huge impact on privacy because Winnie Tsige, was looking at Sandra Jones banking records 174 time over a four year period and she never realized it, and because they worked at different branches of the Bank of Montreal, Tsige had full access to banking information, and contrary to the banks policy, so Tsige could do whatever she wanted to and no one would find out because there are so many different branches for the Bank of Montreal. 12. This case is important because even though Tsige didn’t harm Jones physically she still sis a lot of damages to her by looking at her banking records many time over a period of time.Another reason this case is important is because Tsige had formed a common law relationship with Jones former husband and because Tsige was a employee at the Bank of Montreal, she had full access to jones banking records and anybody else she wanted to look at, and her Ex-husband was probably telling Tsige to look at Jones banking information and records to see her purchase, what she’s doing with the alimony payments he is giving her ever month, and what she does with her money.I believe just cause you work at the bank you shouldn’t have full access to banking information, you should only have that privilege if your high up in the bank, or if one of the tellers needs to look at someone’s banking information then the manager they’re should have to put in a password that only he/she knows so they can get that information.

Genetic Engineering Essay

By using the techniques of genetic engineering scientists are able to modify genetic materials so that a particular gene of interest from one cell can be incorporated into a different cell. It is necessary to obtain a gene to modify genetic material. First a scientist isolates plasmid DNA from bacteria and DNA carrying a gene of interest from cells of another organism, such as an animal. A piece of DNA containing the gene is inserted into a plasmid, producing recombinant DNA, and the recombinant plasmid is returned to a bacterial cell. This cell is then grown in culture forming a clone of cells. The foreign DNA spliced into the plasmid is replicated with the rest of the plasmid as the host cell multiplies. In this way, the gene of interest is cloned. A critical step in gene cloning is the identification of the bacterial clone carrying the gene of interest. Gene cloning and genetics engineering were made possible by the discovery of restriction enzymes. These enzymes protect the bacteria against intruding DNA from other organisms, such as phages or other bacteria cells. They work by cutting up the foreign DNA, a process called restriction. Most restriction enzymes are very specific, recognizing short nucleotide sequences in DNA molecules and cutting at specific points within these sequences. The bacterial cell protects its own DNA from restriction by adding methyl groups(CH3)to adenines or cytosines within the sequence recognized by the restriction enzyme. The restriction fragments are double-stranded DNA fragments with at least one single-stranded end, called a sticky end. These short extensions will form hydrogen-bonded base pairs with complementary single-stranded stretches on other DNA molecules cut with the same enzymes. The unions formed in this way are only temporary, because only a few hydrogen bonds hold the fragments together. The DNA functions can be made permanent , however, by the enzyme DNA ligase, which seals the Strands by catalyzing the formation of phosphodiesterbonds. We now have recombinant DNA, that has been spliced together from two different sources. There are five basic steps included in modifying genetic material so that a particular gene of interest from one cell can be incorporated into a different cell . Step 1: Isolation of vector and gene-sources DNA. Step 2:Isolation of vector and gene-source DNA. Step 3: introduction of the cloning vector into cells. Step 4: Cloning of cells and also foreign genes. Step 5 : Identification of cell clones carrying the gene of interest. To determine whether the gene was successfully incorporated we can synthesize a probe complementary to it. We trace the probe, which will hydrogen-bond specifically to complementary single strands of the desired gene ,by labeling it with a radioactive isotope or a fluorescent tag. An example of how gene transfer and incorporation have been used in biomedical or commercial application is gene therapy of insulin. One of the first practical applications of gene splicing was the production of mammalian hormones and other mammalian regulatory proteins in bacteria. Human insulin and human growth hormone (HGH) were among the earliest examples. This insulin produced in this way has greatly benefited the 2 million diabetics in the United states who depend on insulin treatment to control their disease.

Golf - 30 minutes practice plan for youth age 10 to 14 Case Study

Golf - 30 minutes practice plan for youth age 10 to 14 - Case Study Example Following this further, they are also concerned with the hypothetical, future along with ideological problems. Children who are between the ages 11-14 years old for boys and 10-13 years for girls have the following characteristics and skills including being rebellious in nature., the children find the sense of whom they are, development of a sense of self identity. From age 8 to14 years, the child becomes healthier, stronger and becomes more intellectual alert and derives imagination from what makes sense not what seems not make sense (Lillard, 24). At this stage, the child becomes more industrious and more aware of more than just the environment around him/her at this point he understands and differentiates sex groups male or female. At this stage the child attaches learning to an intellectual capacity, learning from people and books far from observation. At this stage of growth supervision becomes more prioritized, and rules should be set for proper moulding. This period is termed as the most crucial phase for the development of physical and psychological traits (Montessori, 32). Research has indicated that it is during childhood that most people are best at learning the physical skills. Long Term Player Development is defined by as (Lashley 23) as a systematic approach of developing and maximizing a participant’s potential and involvement in sport. The LTPD framework is aimed at defining optimal training and competition, as well as recovery throughout the athlete’s career. This enables them to attain their full potential and also increasing lifelong participation in physical activities such as golf, especially during their critical early years of their development (11-14 years old for boys and 10-13 years for girls). At this age of life, the child becomes healthier, stronger and becomes more intellectual alert and derives imagination from what makes sense not what seems not make

Transferability of outdoor management development (omd) programmes in Dissertation

Transferability of outdoor management development (omd) programmes in organisations - Dissertation Example eview 15 Introduction 15 Definition of Outdoor Management Development 17 The Framework 18 Outdoor Activities 23 Skills Areas 24 Structure of OMD Programmes 26 Critical Evaluation of OMD Philosophy 27 Usefulness of Outdoor Management Development Activities 29 Gap in Research 34 Summary 35 Research Methodology 37 Introduction 37 Research Philosophies 38 Research Approaches 40 Data Collection Methods 41 Data Analysis Strategy 42 Validity and Reliability 44 Research Ethics 44 Research Limitations 45 Summary 47 Discussion and Analysis 48 Outdoor Activities and Participants 48 Data Collection 48 Steps Involved in the Activities 49 Review Process 49 Results 51 Discussion and Analysis of Results 52 Comments on Leadership Theory and Team-Working 53 Intra-Personal Attitudes 55 Orientation towards Team-Working and Teams 58 Effects on Workplace: Skills Transfer from Outdoor Activities to Workplace Environment 60 Conclusion and Recommendations 67 References 72 Appendix 77 Introduction Outdoor Man agement Development (OMD) is comprised of three components: outdoor environment, experiential learning and workplace behaviour changes. The outdoor environment can be a variety of areas in which OMD programmes can be conducted. The outdoor environment can be provided by the woods, mountains, sea water and so on. The fundamental function of outdoor environment is to facilitate outdoor activities in a neutral environment as it meets first condition to carry out OMD programme. There are numerous outdoor activities that are carried out with different objectives such as psychological safety, emotional intensity, skills development and so on. The outdoor activities include personal development, leadership, team development, stress management, communication, uncertainty management and problem... For these objectives, first conceptual frameworks and different dimensions of outdoor management development were discussed in the literature review. The definition of OMD, skills, outdoor activities, the framework and critical evaluation of OMD were conducted in the literature review part. In the discussion and analysis chapter, the practical research highlighted the different steps and outcomes of the outdoor activities. The key findings revealed that in the entire programme, 47 percent of participants reported positive changes in the workplace behaviour. In the micro-dynamic tasks, 23 percent of participants revealed positive change did occur in the workplace behaviour. However, 52 percent of participants in the macro-dynamic tasks reported neutral changes in the workplace behaviours. Outdoor Management Development (OMD) is comprised of three components: outdoor environment, experiential learning and workplace behaviour changes. The outdoor environment can be a variety of areas in which OMD programmes can be conducted. The outdoor environment can be provided by the woods, mountains, sea water and so on. The fundamental function of outdoor environment is to facilitate outdoor activities in a neutral environment as it meets first condition to carry out OMD programme. There are numerous outdoor activities that are carried out with different objectives such as psychological safety, emotional intensity, skills development and so on. The outdoor activities include personal development, leadership, team development, stress management, communication, uncertainty management and problem solving.

Bus 234 San Asign3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Bus 234 San Asign3 - Essay Example A concept map is a type of graphical organizer that gives the scholars the knowledge to organize and present their subject of study. It helps in brainstorming and generation of new ideas among the students. Students are also in a position to integrate new ideas with old ideas by use of the concept map. It also assists in communication of information through ideas. Concept maps also help students gain knowledge of any topic and evaluate the new information. According to Hudgins (78), instructional design is a systematic approach that is used to develop education systems and training programs in a more effective and reliable manner. Instructional designs are categorized in to three:- Organizational - these involve minor and major levels (macro and micro) that enhance subsequent arrangement of the lessons. Delivery strategies are more concerned with the decisions that may impact on the process of information transmission. The third strategy is referred to as management, which involves the decisions that help the student’s inn their interaction with learning activities in order to gain knowledge and skills. The third phase – management, is more important, since it give a chance for the learners to gain new skills and

Explain and evaluate Hume's ideas on causation Essay

Explain and evaluate Hume's ideas on causation - Essay Example 48). Zubiri’s philosophy concurred with the thought of Hume in that problems faced cannot be solved with the same level of thinking when these problems were created. Hume believes that it is important to go deeper in order to comprehend and examine human intelligence on the same. Apparently, Hume is more concerned when people fail to examine causes adequately in order to perceive the metaphysical conclusions regarding the universe (Demeter, Murphy and Zittel, 2014, p. 324). However, this conclusion may seem skeptical since he does not recognize that functionality is related to the correctness of impression, not its content. Basically, Hume considers causality to play an important role in both in moral building and personal sphere. Hume has problem with scientific evidence. He asks whether these evidences stretch to the brink to be considered good evidence. According to Hume, there is a need to justify and rationalize on the evidence presented in order to belief about the things of the universe especially when these evidences are unobservable presented (Schmitt, 2014, p. 140). For example, one may have different variety of berries in a basket. After sampling of one type of berries in the basket, of which they have similar taste, then we conclude that all berries in the basket have the same taste. The first case is an inductive generalization in the perspective that all the members of a particular class are similar through observation. Two, there is an inductive prediction where the idea of same flavor of the berries is based on the assumption of the preceding observation, and three, there is casual generalization where Hume assumes that there is no way of determining the unseen power of some things. The significant of this problem to science is that, science tends to belief that whatever is happening in the universe is based on induction. The objection thus is science methods are just but mere superstitions

Persuasive Communications, Campaigning and Public Opinion & Reputation Essay

Persuasive Communications, Campaigning and Public Opinion & Reputation Management - Essay Example After the first week, communities can hire teams of two police to patrol their neighborhood for a set fee. The fee that will be charged each community will depend upon different factors – how many homes will be patrolled, what the historical crime rate is in each community, and the ability of that community to pay. The MPS will make it known that they will not necessarily charge poor communities more, if they have higher crime rates, acknowledging that these are the very communities that would need the Rent-A-Cop services the most. The MPS will also hold periodic press releases regarding the program. Included in these press releases will be the rate in apprehending criminals, as well as an overall overview of the program’s successes. The purpose of these press releases will be to keep the program in the public eye. The press releases will feature not only the rates of apprehending criminals, but will also feature â€Å"feel good† anecdotes, where the officer conducting the press release will detail the charitable work that the rent-a-cops do for the communities, and any human interest stories that might arise during the course of the officers’ tenure in these

Employment Laws in UK Replacing the Collective Laissez-Fair System Essay

Employment Laws in UK Replacing the Collective Laissez-Fair System - Essay Example This paper illustrates that before the introduction of the statutory employment law what was commonly in use was the laissez- fair that lost its significance later after the introduction of the statutory laws. This has made the collective bargaining to lose its significance considerably and instead the statutory laws have become more important. This has resulted into the emergence of new employment patterns in addition to employment disputes. This is clear indications that in the modern day workers depend on law rather than on the collective bargain. The rise of groups lobbying for the rights of workers has continually attacked the tenets of laissez faire through the enforcement of the labor laws. Laissez faire, which advocates for equal competitive chances for all hence survival of the fittest is currently seen as discriminative, offensive and unfair. Not only has individuals and organizations come up with new strategies, but the government has also come up with strategies aimed at protecting the consumers and investors. These regulations deal a great blow to the capitalist nature of businessmen as dictated by the laissez-faire policy. According to the Labor & European Law Review Index, there are articles, acceptable by the law that dictates on the associations at the workplace. Among the regulations in the index are the age regulations. This dictates that investors cannot hire children of a given age. Moreover, there are conditions that have to be fulfilled before an investor can hire women, children or the disabled. This restricts the freedom granted by the laissez-faire where one can hire whoever has the skills to complete the task at hand. Another challenge posed by the LERL is the employment rights, equality, and compensation. As it is widely accepted, Laissez faire is centered on the benefit of the investor but not the employees. It encourages manipulation of the workers as long as they fulfill the demands of the employer. An incompetent worker is automa tically dismissed. However, with the coming of the regulations, these freedoms are curtailed. The freedom of information means that the workers are no longer regulated. Access to information means that the workers are fully aware of their rights. They are therefore empowered to fight for their rights. On the other hand, the employers’ hands are tied as the labour regulations allow for such. Therefore, the employer ceases becoming the top-most authority, as is the case in laissez-faire. The employer also cannot fire the workers at will since that would be a breach of contract and the employer can be arraigned in court for that. Through these regulations, the employer loses the much control that is availed by the laissez-faire system. The UK Department for Business Innovation and Skills (BIS) has also formulated policies that are aimed at bringing a balanced and sustainable growth. On the face of it, this may seem like a great idea, but not in the eyes of investors who believe in the Laissez faire. Under these policies are some policy areas of interest. According to the BIS, these areas include business law, better regulation, consumer issues and business sectors among others. These are the key areas that threaten the continuity and functionality of the laissez faire system. Of greatest impact is the business law. This law is divided into segments which dictate how various functions in a business entity should be carried out. This alone inhibits the freedom of investors. Furthermore, these regulations call for corporate governance. This comes in line with the corporate social responsibility.

Film and music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Film and music - Essay Example In this essay "Film and music", the author compares and contrast the two film Noir films The Lost Weekend and Spellbound. The idea here is to bring out the relationship between the two films. They highly emphasize on the influence of the Theremin and experimental music for the scores. The composers of â€Å"The lost weekend† and â€Å"Spellbound† have made use of theremin all through the film from the start to the end. Rà ³zsa has made use of theremin as a way of integrating boldness and creativity in the recording. The composer has also used the two films to emphasize on the psychological impacts on the characters. Spellbound is an American Thriller which tells a story of the new mental asylum head who later turns out to be what he does not claim to be. The purpose of the film is to highlight psychoanalysis virtues which come with the banishing of restoring reason and mental illness. The lost weekend film shows the life of an alcoholic writer and particularly on a wee kend alcoholic binge. The use of theremin by Rà ³zsa showed just how bold and creative he was in integrating novel approaches. He wanted to use it in The Lost Weekend because he had successfully used it in Spellbound and he thought that the two somehow related. This is alcoholism, which [the character] cannot resist†. The theremin is cued every time Don gets the urge to drink alcohol and is overwhelmed by his longing. As we can see at the start of the film, Don is silent, but he does not have to say anything silence all we need to know we can read from the look on his face. We can tell from the expression on his face that he is absorbed as he stares at the bottle that is hanging from the window of his dwelling. The â€Å"Alcohol Theme† is cued as he looks down at the alcohol bottle and the theremin has the melody. Music starts to fade as he and his brother Wick begin to talk and is later heard once again as Dons’ brother and Hellen leave the apartment after disc overing the alcohol bottle hanging by the window. When Don goes to the bar and asks for a drink, he is given, but he hesitates to take it knowing that once he does he will not stop. The â€Å"Alcohol theme† plays once more, but it stops when he takes the shot. A

Housing viability appraisal report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Housing viability appraisal report - Essay Example According to the findings of the report, implementing the proposal is a great idea. Because of the high demand for housing, and the accessibility of the location, implementing the project will generate high profits. 2.1 The demand for accommodation in this place shows that a space of schedule of 6,040 sq. m. (all net internal areas) of saleable space is required to accommodate †¦ residential flats. and 1010 sq.m for affordable housing , In addition to that, 745 sq. m. (8,021 sq. ft.) of commercial and 5,219 sq. m. of ‘home- office’ have also been proposed. I understand that there will be 98 home-office, including 11commercial which will provide a total of 9 spaces for the offices, 1 for the garbage and 88 for the residential flats would be constructed. 3.1 The first step in implementing this project is seeking permission to develop the project from the authorities. This will happen through an application, explaining the reason for the project, its benefit to the people, its environmental accessibility, and the expected revenues. Additionally, it will include the expected costs and the sources of the funds. After acquiring a permit, the s106 agreement will be ready for commencement. Comprising of 30-49 one bedroom, 50-79 two bedroom, and 80-119 three bedroom flats, the project is likely to take 36 months to complete. The proposed one-bedroom flats will measure 30 square metres, while a two bedroom will measure 56 square metres. A three bedroom flat will measure 100 square metres and a 4 bedroom flat measure approximately 140 square metres. A similar project constructed in the same area currently sells at  £6000. After completion of the project, payment of the flats will be spread across six quarters, with the first payment expected at the end of Q6. Projected revenues for the sale of the flats indicate that for every

Hunting should not be outlawed Essay Example for Free

Hunting should not be outlawed Essay Hunting should not be outlawed. It is still a source of food for people who still live off the land . Hunting can be a very effective method of population control. Hunting is a sport of tradition it offers recreation from everyday life. Hunting animals for food is better for people because it does not have all the hormones that farm raised animals have. There aren’t very many diseases that affect humans in wild animals. Majority of the animals that have seasons are edible. Hunting is a very effective method of population control. If too many animals of one species or several related species live in one area they could possible wipe out there entire food source or sources. Then many of them would starve to death which unknown to the tree huggers that want to stop this is a very painful death, being shot is a very quick painless death. Hunting can save an ecosystem and entire species, by killing some of the animals in the ecosystem you can save the food source for the animals still left living. Hunting is a tradition in most of the world. People have been hunting for tens of thousands of years. Many people still use hunting as their many food source throughout the world. It is also a recreational activity. Tradition’s should not be outlawed. Hunting can help save the environment in which they live in by population control. It is a source of food. It’s an activity that people have been using to get away from society as we know it for several years. In conclusion Hunting should not be outlawed.

Green Roofs in Malaysia

Green Roofs in Malaysia In Malaysia, green roofs are considered as a fairly new concept although the concept offers many benefits. Green roofs promotes amenity and aesthetic benefits, environmental benefits, and economic benefits. The principal aim of this research is to improve the quality of green roof systems in Malaysia by develop design guidelines for green roof systems. This research will identify the performance benefits of green roof, the current phenomenon of green roof as well as their obstacles to adopt green roof systems. Mixed method of qualitative and quantitative approach will be applied in this research. The review of the literature will be conducted to gather information about green roof in order to identify the benefits of green roof systems. Survey will be conducted among three target populations, namely developers, architects and landscape architects who work in the Malaysian construction industry. Individuals for the sample group will be selected because as providers of green roofs, the ir views and actions have a direct influence on green roof development. The categorization of the building professionals will enable easy identification of any disparity in views between them. Besides that, the case studies also one of the vital steps to achieve the objective of this research. The Case Studies will combine different methods to compile an understanding of design guidelines for green roof systems. Case study methods involve an in-depth, longitudinal examination of a single instance or event. They provide a systematic way of looking at events, collecting data, analyzing information, and reporting the results. This research is attempted to develop design guidelines for green roof systems in Malaysia. The findings from this research will open new avenues and fields for future researchers and academicians to carry out extensive researches on the topics concerned. INTRODUCTION The green roof is a system that used growing medium and vegetation on the top of the building roof (Cresswell, 2007). The vegetation is planted in a layer of soil or growing medium as the top layer of the roof. The water membrane system is positioned between growing medium and roof deck to carry away access water and also have a filter system to make sure that the plants have a sufficient water supply during dryer day (Long et al., 2006, Piper, 2003). Green roofs have been increasingly popular in Germany, United Stated of America and Europe (Koonce, 2010) not just because of the aesthetic value, but also for improving environment (Li et al., 2010). As discussed by (Castleton et al., 2010) the roof of a building can be partially or completely covered with a layer of vegetation. Many expert confirm that green roof can be classified into two types of systems which are intensive and extensive (Long et al., 2006, Molineux et al., 2009, Cresswell, 2007, Castleton et al., 2010). Intensive s ystems is more like a roof garden supporting large tree and shrubs, but require deep substrates and regular maintenance. Therefore, it is generally heavy and requires a specific support from the building (Molineux et al., 2009, Cresswell, 2007). The extensive system is opposite of intensive systems which have a thin substrate layer with low level planting, typically sedum or lawn, and can be very lightweight in structure (Castleton et al., 2010). Instead of lightweight, these roofs require little or no additional structural support from the building, less expensive, low maintenance, and designed for limited human access. Plants selected for extensive system are usually have a shallow root system, good regenerative abilities, resistance to direct solar radiation, harsh winds or heavy rainfall, and ground cover species on slopes up to 30% (Long et al., 2006, Cresswell, 2007). There are many potential benefits of green roofs. These may be considered to fall into three main categories, Amenity and Aesthetic Benefits, Environmental Benefits, and Economic Benefits, although there is a great deal of crossover between categories. Amenity Aesthetic Benefitsinclude leisure and open space, visual aesthetic value, health and therapeutic value, and food production. Environmental Benefits include ecological and wildlife value, water management, air quality, sound absorption, and reducing the urban heat island effect. Economic Benefitsinclude increased roof life, building insulation and energy efficiency, and green building assessment and public relations. These benefits operate at a range of scales. Some will only operate if relatively large numbers of green roofs are implemented in any particular area and their benefits will only be apparent at the larger neighborhood or city scale. Others will operate directly on an individual building (Michael and Thomas, 2003, V ancouver, 2009). Therefore, it is important to adopt green roof as it gives many benefits to reduce the environmental impact. The purpose of this research is to develop design guidelines for green roof system in Malaysia. RESEARCH STATEMENT The phenomenon of global warming or climate change has led to many environmental issues including higher atmospheric temperatures, intensive precipitation, increase greenhouse gaseous emission and of course increase indoor discomfort condition (Asmat Ismail et al., 2010). Some scientists believe that changes are part of natural variability (Radhi, 2009) while others point to human activity (Oh and Chua, 2010, Nordell, 2003) as the cause of increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and the key driver of climate change. As the Carbon dioxide (CO2) in atmosphere increases, the ability of earth surface to reradiate heat to the atmosphere is lessen. Carbon dioxide acts as a blanket over the surface and keeps the earth warmer than it would otherwise be. The warmer climate outside will also affect the indoor temperature of building. When the outdoor air temperature increases, building will experience indoor discomfort. The demand for mechanical ventilation will be cri tical and eventually lead to higher energy consumption in building (Asmat Ismail et al., 2010). The heavy reliance on air conditioning typically increases energy use, increased emission of CO2, increase other GHGs to power the system (Calm, 2002) and also adding to negative impacts of global warming (Wilkinson et al., 2007). Therefore, it is vital important to reduce the energy consumption in building by reducing the usage of air conditioning system where the air conditioning systems release the carbon into the air which has been identified as the element that insulates planet and one of the major contributor in global warming. Buildings are important contributors to the ever-increasing carbon emission and its impact on global warming (Kui, 4 october 2010; The Star, May 2009). Buildings last longer, and over that lifetime they play a part in contributing to the destruction of the environment. Over its life cycle, a building uses many resources and is the source of much pollution emissions (Yoon, 2009). In Malaysia, commercial and residential building use up 48% of the electricity generated (Li, 2009). During the UN Climate Change Conference in December 2009, Prime Minister Datuk Seri Najib Razak made very clear Malaysias commitment to the green cause, pledging to cut up to 40 per cent of Malaysias carbon emission intensity in terms of GDP by the year 2020 from year 2005 levels (Singh and Ping, 2010, Fernandez, 2010). Therefore, one way to reduce the impact of global warming and improve urban environmental quality is by adopting the green roof technologies (Williams et al., 2010). However, the question arise s, why Malaysian construction industry must adopt the green roof technology? It is because most of the heat 75% enters from roof compare to 25% from wall. Besides that, the roof is exposed most for the longest period to solar radiation where heat radiated from the sun is absorbed by the roof surface and the ceiling absorbs the radiated heat (Lu, 2009). Apart from that, the green roof technology is able to reduce the energy consumption and can improve the internal comfort during the spring and summer seasons (Fioretti et al., 2010, Michael and Thomas, 2003, Lawlor et al., 2006). Furthermore, green roof lead to lower energy bills, and provide a carbon sink in urban areas, along with many other diverse ecological advantages (Sihau, 2009). Thus, in order to reduce the amount of heat entering through the roofs, such buildings must be adopted with green roof technology. In Asia, the use of green roofs has arisen in Japan, Singapore, Hong Kong and China. Although the idea of green roofs in Asia is new, these countries are active in developing, practicing and conducting research on green roofs, particularly in Singapore (Wan et al, 2010). According to Wong (2005) roofs present 21%-26% of urban areas and this can provide a unique opportunity to improve the environment if green roofs are used. In urban areas such as Kuala Lumpur, there are a lot of opportunities to implement green roofs in the development because of rapid expansion in these areas. By having a green roof, the areas taken from nature to be developed are made to come alive again. Green roofs in Malaysia are considered as a fairly new though lots of benefits are offered. However, in country that has similar climate with Malaysia such as Singapore have grown remarkable on green roof. Compare to Singapore, Malaysia are far behind in terms of research done, policies, technology and practice in this area (Govindaraju et al., 2005, Chandran et al., 2009). Malaysia still remains many potential obstacles to their more widespread adoption. This obstacles include a lack of standards, high costs when green roof installers are inexperienced, few demonstration examples to inspire and give confidence to developers considering a green roof and a lack of relevant and reliable research to provide confidence in the economic and environmental benefits of green roofs (Williams et al., 2010) (Williams et al, 2010; Sihau 2009; Michael Thomas, 2003). Besides that, Malaysia has a very different climate to the temperature regions of the northern hemisphere where green roofs are more common. Relying on northern hemisphere research, experience and technology is problematic, due to significant differences in rainfall, temperature, available substrates and suitable vegetation (Wilkinson, 2009). This may introduce unacceptable levels of risk and unnecessary expense to development projects consid ering green roofs. Since Singapore is advance in developing green roof system, therefore Malaysia should put Singapore as an example to move towards green roof system. This research examines green roofs in Malaysia, the status of the industry and discusses information gaps requiring research. Therefore, it is important to overcome the obstacles by adopting green roof technology in Malaysia in order to get the benefits offers from the technology. In recent years, green roofs are becoming more and more popular in the world and have also attracted much attention in Malaysia. However, when people consider applying green roof systems, they often find it difficult to understand the technical requirements, design an effective system and evaluate their performance. Unlike other countries that are very advance in green roof technologies such as Germany and Japan, they have their own guidelines for green roof system (Hui, 2010). A brief discussion with Ishamuddin Mazlan from Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water (KeTTHA) indicates that there are no design guidelines for green roof systems in Malaysia. In German, the German Landscape Research, Development and Construction Society (FLL) has been working on standards for green roof technology for 25 years. Their ‘Guideline for the Planning, Execution and Upkeep of Green-Roof Sites (FLL-guidelines) reflects the latest developments in German acknowledged state-of-the-art tec hnology (Philippi, 2005). Over 800 green roofs can be found in Germany alone, a leader in building codes and incentives for green roof installation. In Asia, Japan has become a center for green roof technology. Its capital, Tokyo, is the first city to mandate building vegetation must constitute 20 percent of all new construction (Wark, 2003). Their guidelines are very useful to implement green roof but they should not be copied directly without adapting and considering the local conditions of Malaysia. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop local design guidelines for green roof systems in Malaysia. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK There were various research has been conducted in the field of green roof systems and the quantity seems to increase over the years since environmental issues become more concerning worldwide. The research that has been done in the field of green roof can be grouped into seven which are research on storm water management, research on materials, research on opportunities and barrier, research on environment, research on energy and building, research on perceptions, and research on guidelines. The research that has been done in storm water management for instance by Berghage et al (2009) conducted a research on Green Roofs for Stormwater Runoff Control. The findings of the paper indicate that the green roofs are capable of removing 50% of the annual rainfall volume from a roof through retention and evapotranspiration. Rainfall not retained by green roofs is detained, effectively increasing the time to peak, and slowing peak flows for a watershed. Whereas Berndtsson et al (2009) conduct ed a research on Runoff water quality from intensive and extensive vegetated roofs. This study investigated influence on runoff water quality from two full scale vegetated roofs (an intensive from Japan and an extensive from Sweden). Results show that both extensive and intensive vegetated roofs are a sink of nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen with similar performance. The intensive vegetated roof is also a sink of total nitrogen in contrast to the extensive roof. While Hardin and Wanielista (2007) has done research on a water quality assesment of a green roof stormwater treatment systems. The results of this work show that the use of green roof stormwater treatment systems for the improvement of stormwater quality is a promising treatment option. The total suspended solids results show that green roofs had a lower concentration and smaller standard deviation than the control chambers. Besides, Emilsson et al (2007) has done a research on Effect of using conventional and control led release fertiliser on nutrient runoff from various vegetated roof systems. The findings of the paper indicate that Conventional fertilisers caused high nutrient concentrations in the runoff water. Concentrations decreased during the duration of the experiment but at the end of the experiment they were still higher than after fertilisation with CRF. Conventional fertiliser also increased the total nutrient runoff. Research on materials for instance has been done by Molineux et al (2009) on Characterising alternative recycled waste materials for use as green roof growing media in the U.K. This study have shown that the alternative substrates perform as well if not better, than the widely used crushed red brick as growing media, in terms of plant growth and material characterisations.. They are also similar in price to the red brick substrate (Shireminerals, pers. comm.) and are already commercially available. While Cresswell (2007) has done a research on Characterisation of Mineral Wastes, Resources and Processing technologies. The findings indicate that Aerated concrete is a material that is suitable for use as a light weight green roof substrate. It has the appropriate density and water absorption. Research that has been conducted on opportunities and barrier for instance by Williams et al (2010) on Green roofs for a wide brown land: Opportunities and barriers for rooftop greening in Australia. This paper examines green roofs in Australia, discusses the challenges to increasing their use and the major information gaps that need to be researched to progress the industry in Australia. While Wilkinson and Reed (2010) compile a unique building database incorporating information about 536 commercial buildings and evaluate the potential suitability of each building to undergo a green roof retrofit. A relatively small proportion of roofs are found to be suitable, partly a result of local climate conditions and rainfall patterns, and the physical property stock. On a purely physical assessment, only a very small proportion of central business district (CBD) stock is found to be suited. These buildings are most likely to be in low secondary locations, ungraded or B grade buildings, priv ately owned, concrete framed and not overshadowed by adjoining properties. Besides, compile a unique building database incorporating information about 536 commercial buildings and evaluate the potential suitability of each building to undergo a green roof retrofit. A relatively small proportion of roofs are found to be suitable, partly a result of local climate conditions and rainfall patterns, and the physical property stock. On a purely physical assessment, only a very small proportion of CBD stock is found to be suited. These buildings are most likely to be in low secondary locations, ungraded or B grade buildings, privately owned, concrete framed and not overshadowed by adjoining properties. Besides, Rowe and Getter (2006) conducted research on The Role of Extensive Green Roofs in Sustainable Development. This paper is a review of current knowledge regarding the benefits of green roofs, plant selection and culture, and barriers to their acceptance in the United States. Because o f building weight restrictions and costs, shallow-substrate extensive roofs are much more common than deeper intensive roofs. Therefore, the focus of this review is primarily on extensive green roofs. Research on environment for instance has been done by Renterghemand Botteldooren (2011) on In-situ measurements of sound propagating over extensive green roofs. In this study, in-situ measurements of sound propagation over flat, extensive green roofs were presented in 5 case studies. These involved situations with either a single diffraction or double diffraction over green roofs. Measurements show that green roofs may lead to consistent and significant sound reduction at locations where only diffracted sound waves arrive. Among the single diffraction cases, acoustic green roof improvements exceeding 10 dB were found, over a wide frequency range. While Li et al (2010) study on Effect of green roof on ambient CO2 concentration. The study systematically investigates the effect of green roofs on the ambient CO2 concentration using field measurements, chamber experiments and numerical simulations. Plants can reduce the CO2 concentration in the environment by absorbing CO2 in the daytime. In a typical sunny day in summer in Hong Kong, the CO2 absorption rate of a plant in the daytime is much greater than the CO2 emission rate at night. The extent of the green roof effect is related to the condition of the plants, the position of the green roof and the ambient airflow condition. In a sunny day, a green roof may lower the CO2 concentration in the nearby region as much as 2%. On the other hand, Carter and Keeler (2008) conducted research on Life-cycle cost-benefit analysis of extensive vegetated roof systems. This study uses data collected from an experimental green roof plot to develop a benefit cost analysis (BCA) for the life cycle of extensive (thin layer) green roof systems in an urban watershed. The results from this analysis are compared with a traditional roofing scenario. The net present value (NPV) of this type of green roof currently ranges from 10% to 14% more expensive than its conventional counterpart. A reduction of 20% in green roof construction cost wo uld make the social NPV of the practice less than traditional roof NPV. Besides, Jones and Alexandri (2008) studied on Temperature decreases in an urban canyon due to green walls and green roofs in diverse climates. From this quantitative research, it has been shown that there is an important potential of lowering urban temperatures when the building envelope is covered with vegetation. Air temperature decreases at roof level can reach up to 26.0 1C maximum and 12.8 1C day-time average (Riyadh), while inside the canyon decreases reach up to 11.3 1C maximum and 9.1 1C daytime average, again for hot and arid Riyadh. It can be concluded that the hotter and drier a climate is, the greater the effect of vegetation on urban temperatures. Research on energy and building that has been done by Chang et al (2011) on Optimal Design for Water Conservation and Energy Savings Using Green Roofs in a Green Building under Mixed Uncertainties. The study identifies the optimal green roof area that keeps within the cost of a conventional home over a specific life time, such as 50 years. Research findings show that as the reliability level associated with the chance constraint was decreased, the upper bound of the green roof area did not vary much for either shingle or metal roofs. The lower bound was found to decrease in the same situation, however, due to the higher minimum cost of the cistern in relation to the greater volume of expected rainfall, forcing the required green roof area to decrease. While Fioretti et al (2010) investigate Green roof energy and water related performance in the Mediterranean climate. The investigation performed within the specific climatic context of the Mediterranean region. Full-scale experimental results are provided from two case studies, located in north-west and central Italy, consisting in two fully monitored green roofs on top of public buildings. The attenuation of solar radiation through the vegetation layer is evaluated as well as the thermal insulation performance of the green roof structure. The daily heat flow through the roof surface is quantified showing that the green roof outperforms the reference roof, therefore reducing the daily energy demand. As for water management, it is confirmed that green roofs significantly mitigate storm water runoff generation even in a Mediterranean climate in terms of runoff volume reduction, peak attenuation and increase of concentration time, although reduced performance could be observed during high precipitation periods. Besides, Castleton et al (2010) conducted a research on Green roofs; building energy savings and the potential for retrofit. This paper reviews the current literature and highlights the situations in which th e greatest building energy savings can be made. Older buildings with poor existing insulation are deemed to benefit most from a green roof as current building regulations require such high levels of insulation that green roofs are seen to hardly affect annual building energy consumption. As over half of the existing UK building stock was built before any roof insulation was required, it is older buildings that will benefit most from green roofs. The case for retrofitting existing buildings is therefore reviewed and it is found there is strong potential for green roof retrofit in the UK. Research on perception has been done by Wan Zuriea et al (2010) on Perception towards green roof in Malaysia. Results from interviews showed that the respondents perceived green roofs benefits are that they provide leisure and operational space, visual amenities value and health and therapeutic value and environment and economic advantages. From the field observation study, it was found that there is a good potential for green roof as it promotes a range of benefits that can solve the problem of ecological steps, limitation of space, greenery balance, global warming, aesthetics and lost of wildlife habitat that occur in many urban areas. While House (2009) conducted research on North Texas Stakeholders: Perceptions of Extensive Green Roofs. The findings of the paper indicate thatstakeholders perceived extensive green roofs as being appropriate for use in North Texas. Concerns were raised regarding plant selection, weight requirements, initial cost, city codes, and aesthetics. Develop ers and city officials indicated their concern for the performance of green roofs in the extremes of the North Texas climate, while architects and landscape architects spoke of the multitude of benefits and appropriateness for this region. Overall, perceptions of extensive green roofs were favorable, but a lack of adequate research and concerns over cost issues were frequently cited as barriers to implementation. However, in this paper, researcher tends to focus on design guidelines of green roof system.ÂÂ   There is no similar thorough research which has been done by any other researcher in Malaysia regarding on design guideline of green roof systems. Malaysia still do not have the design guidelines for green roof system based on the preliminary interview that has been done with Encik Ishamuddin bin Mazlan from the Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water (KeTTHA). For instance, Hui (2010) has develop technical guidelines for green roof systems in Hong Kong. This paper describes the major findings of a research to develop technical guidelines for green roof systems in Hong Kong. The current knowledge and latest trends of green roof technology in the world have been studied. Useful information and experience were examined for assessing the potential benefits and key design factors. By investigating the system components and practical considerations of typical green roof projects in Hong Kong and other countries, key information is established for preparing the technical guidelines. Based on the review of the previous related to the research, there seems no study that has been done on design guideline for green roof systems in Malaysia and this will be an interesting topic for researcher in this Master research. Therefore, there is a gap that has been left for researcher to fill in and to contribute to the existing body of knowledge. AIM AND OBJECTIVE Generally, this research seeks to have an understanding and knowledge on green roof systems. This study aims to improve the quality of green roof systems in Malaysia by develop design guidelines for green roof systems. In order to achieve the aims above, three (3) correlative objectives are outlined as follows: To identify the operational performance benefits of green roof technology To explore the obstacle to adopt green roof technology To develop design guidelines for green roof systems in Malaysia RESEARCH QUESTIONS Research questions are framed as a guide to fulfil the research objectives. This research is expected to produce design guidelines that make best use of the potential of green roof. Having decided that, the following research questions are addressed and framed: Research question for objective 1 What are the effect of the green roof to the environment How green roof can reduce energy consumption in buildings How importance of using green roof technology in buildings Research question for objective 2 What are the barriers in adopting green roof systems in Malaysia How do this barrier effect the adoption of green roof in Malaysia Research question for objective 3 What are the factor need to be considered in designing the green roof systems RESEARCH METHOD The methodology in conducting is three different stages as follows: a) Literature Search Review Literature search will conducted to gather information about green roof in order to identify the benefits of green roof systems. The sources and information from journals, articles, books and internet are then fully analyzed and studied to gain better understanding on green roof technology. b) Survey Survey will be conducted among three target populations, namely developers, architects and landscape architects who work in the Malaysian construction industry. Set of questionnaires will be distributed to explore the obstacles to adopt green roof technology in Malaysia by comparison of answers to the same set of questions. The analysis of data from the questionnaires responses may provide data from which tables of obstacles can be produced. c) Case Study The Case Studies combine different methods to compile an understanding of modular green roof systems. Case study methods involve an in-depth, longitudinal examination of a single instance or event: a case. They provide a systematic way of looking at events, collecting data, analyzing information, and reporting the results. As a result the researcher may gain a sharpened understanding of why the instance happened as it did, and what might become important to look at more extensively in future research. RESEARCH SCOPE AND LIMITATION The target group of this research consisting of developers, architects, and landscape architects in the peninsular of Malaysia excluding Sabah and Sarawak who work in the Malaysian construction industry. Individuals for the sample group will be selected because as providers of green roofs, their views and actions have a direct influence on green roof development. The categorization of the building professionals will enable easy identification of any disparity in views between them. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RESEARCH This research is expected to identify the performance benefits of green roof systems in order for green roof to be utilized in Malaysian buildings. Besides that, this research will identify the obstacles to adopt green roof and develop recommendation to overcome this obstacles. Furthermore, this study will add to the body of knowledge that green roof systems can enhance the environment of the urban area, reduce energy use in buildings, and help to reduce effect of global warming especially in urban area in Malaysia. On top of that, this research hopes to give a better understanding and way to adopt green roof systems in Malaysian buildings. At the end of this research, it will develop new design guidelines for sustainable green roof systems in Malaysia. Aim Research Statement Objectives Research Questions Research Method To improve the quality of green roof systems in Malaysia by develop design guidelines for green roof systems. Global warming or climate change OB1: To identify operational performance benefits of green roof technology RQ1.1: What are the effects of the green roof to the environment RQ1.2: How green roof can reduce energy consumption in buildings RQ1.3: How importance of using green roof technology in buildings Literature review Obstacles in adoption green roof systems OB2: To explore the obstacles to adopt green roof technology RQ2.1: What are the barriers in adopting green roof systems in Malaysia RQ2.2: How do this barrier effect the adoption of green roof technology in Malaysia Questionnaire Survey Design Guidelines OB3: To develop design guidelines for green roof systems in Malaysia RQ3.1: What are the factor need to be considered in designing the green roof systems Case Study

History Of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Psychology Essay

History Of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Psychology Essay Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a syndrome of emotional lability, Parkinsonism, ataxia, and cognitive impairment suffered by athletes who undergo repetitive concussive and subconcussive blows to the head (Cantu 2007). Owing to its initial discovery in boxers, CTE has been various known as punch drunk, dementia pugilistica, and psychopathic deterioration of pugilist. This paper will discuss the history of research into this fascinating topic, starting with the first descriptions in the medical literature and covering the progress made in understanding the clinical presentation, epidemiology, neuropathology, and genetics of the disease. CTE was first described by the American pathologist Martland in a 1928 article on the punch drunk syndrome in boxers. Martland noted that for years boxing fans and promoters had observed cuckoo or goofy behavior in fighters. The fighters most often affected were poor boxers who would take considerable head punishment, seeking only to land a knockout blow. Punch drunk was also common among second rate fighters used for training purposes, who may be knocked down several times a day. Martland described the symptoms of punch drunk based on his examination of five boxers. The early symptoms of punch drunk were unsteady gait and slight mental confusion. Some boxers did not progress beyond this stage, while others went on to develop slow movements, hesitancy in speech, and hand tremors. In severe cases, boxers would develop a propulsive gait, Parkinsonian facies, and marked mental deterioration. Martland speculated that the mechanism of brain injury was traumatic cerebral hemorrhages follow ed by gliosis. This conjecture was based on his observation of multiple cerebral hemorrhages in people who died from acute traumatic head injury (Martland 1927). Building on Martlands work, researchers investigated the clinical course and epidemiology of CTE. Critchley observed that CTE can progress in many boxers even after they had retired, a phenomenon that to this day eludes explanation (1957). Corsellis noted that emotional lability and violent behavior tended to precede the Parkinsonian symptoms, ataxia, and cognitive decline mentioned by Martland (1973). Roberts studied the prevalence of CTE in retired professional boxers and found that 17% of subjects exhibited brain damage as determined by neurological exam and EEG abnormalities. Just as Martland observed that boxers who took more hits to the head were more likely to be punch drunk, Roberts showed that career length and number of professional fights were risk factors for CTE. Indeed, 47% of boxers whose careers were longer than 10 years suffered brain damage, compared with 13% of boxers with careers shorter than five years. Likewise, about 50% of boxers who had fought over 150 bouts had brain damage, compared with 19% of those with 50 to 150 bouts and 7% of those with less than 50 bouts (Roberts 1969). This idea of a dose-response relationship between repeated trauma and CTE was supported by the observation that amateur boxers did not suffer neuropsychological deficits due to boxing (Butler 1993). CTE is not unique to boxing, but has occurred in other sports with high rates of head trauma such as wrestling, horseracing, and parachuting as well as a case of battered wife syndrome (Corsellis 1976). Research into the gross neuropathology of CTE was spearheaded by Corsellis, who studied the brains of 15 deceased boxers, eight of whom were world or national champions (1973). Corsellis identified four common areas of brain damage and their associated clinical symptoms and signs. First, cavum septum pellucidum with fenestrations in the leaflets was a common finding. In addition, the lateral and third ventricles were enlarged and the frontal and temporal lobes were atrophied. These changes were associated with emotional lability and memory impairment. Second, degeneration of the substantia nigra, as evidenced by the loss of pigmented neurons, was associated with Parkinsonian symptoms like tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia. Third, gliosis and neuronal loss in the cerebellar tonsils was associated with loss of balance and coordination. Fourth, diffuse neuronal loss was associated with an Alzheimers-like dementia. Eight of the fifteen cases Corsellis studied exhibited all four types of brain damage. The link between CTE and Alzheimers was strengthened when in 1967, Constantinidis showed the presence of neurofibrillary tangles in brains affected by traumatic injury (1967). Subsequent research showed that the microscopic pathology of CTE differed from that of Alzheimers in two important ways. First, CTE exhibited a unique distribution of neurofibrillary tangles in the neocortex. Neurofibrillary tangles in CTE were preferentially distributed in superficial layers of the neocortex layer II and the upper two thirds of layer III. In contrast, in Alzheimers they were located primarily in deeper layers the lower third of layer III and layer V (Hof 1992). Second, whereas beta amyloid plaques are an important feature of Alzheimers disease, they are not an essential part of CTE. One study showed that fourteen out of the fifteen brains studied by Corsellis stained positive for beta amyloid deposits (Roberts 1991). However, in a series of 51 CTE cases, McKee found that beta amyloid plaques were present in only 47% of cases (2009). The pattern of neurofibrillary tangles observed in CTE overlaps with the areas of neuronal loss identified by Corsellis. McKee observed neurofibrillary tangles and tau-immunoreactive astrocytes in parts of the neocortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum, brainstem and spinal cord. The density of neurofibrillary tangles was particularly high in the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, and amygdala. This suggests involvement of the papez circuit and may explain the emotional lability observed in CTE. In addition, neurofibrillary tangles have been found in the substantia nigra and cerebellum. (McKee 2009). Recent research has suggested several mechanisms for brain injury in the setting of repeated trauma. Neurofibrillary tangles in CTE have a characteristic perivascular distribution, grouped around small intracortical vessels (Geddes 1999). This finding suggests that trauma may damage the blood-brain barrier, releasing neurotoxins that promote the formation of neurofibrillary tangles around blood vessels. In a similar vein, another study found that in many areas of CTE-affected brains the microvasculature was less dense and tortuous than normal. In addition, the distribution of this pathological microvasculature was highly correlated with the distribution of neurofibrillary tangles. The proposed explanation was that trauma damaged the microvasculature and led to the growth of neurofibrillary tangles. (Buee 1994). On a related note, neurofibrillary tangles in CTE were found to contain higher levels of iron and aluminum than those in Alzheimers disease, possibly due to damage to the bloo d-brain barrier (Bouras 1997). Diffuse axonal injury is a second possible mechanism of injury. After a concussion, disruptions in axolemma permeability and in axonal transport can lead to axotomy within 24 hours (Maxwell 1995). Indeed, in one study eighty percent of patients who died from acute head trauma showed immunocytochemical evidence of axonal injury (McKenzie 1996). A third mechanism of brain injury is the deposition of beta amyloid. Although beta amyloid plaques are present in only half of CTE cases, studies have shown that beta amyloid deposition increases after head trauma (Gentleman 1993). In addition, beta amyloid concentration in the brain is correlated with neurological recovery following head trauma (Brody 2008). Genetic studies suggest that the apolipoproteinE e4 allele predisposes to worse outcomes after traumatic brain injury. One study finds that patients with the APOE e4 allele have a two-fold higher risk of death, vegetative state, or severe disability compared to those without the allele (Teasdale 1997). The mechanism by which APOE e4 influences recovery from traumatic brain injury is unclear, though a role in neuronal repair has been suggested (Chen 1997). There are many unanswered questions regarding CTE. First, recent case reports indicate that CTE can occur in professional football players and soccer players (Omalu 2005, Matser 1998). The prevalence and risk factors for developing CTE in populations other than boxers are unknown and require further investigation. On this front, public awareness is increasing and more than 250 current and former NFL players have pledged to donate their brains to the Center for the Study of Traumatic Encephalopathy (CSTE) at Boston University School of Medicine (CSTE 2010). Second, the observation that CTE can present years after retirement from sports cannot be explained by current theories of CTE pathophysiology. Third, there has been no research into potential treatment options, though Parkinsons and Alzhemiers drugs have been used speculatively. Fourth, current preventative measures consist of return to play guidelines that sideline players who suffer concussions until their symptoms resolve. This is based on the finding that the risk of a second concussion is increased in the period following a concussion (Cantu 2003). However, no protocols for measuring degree of neurological impairment and reinjury risk in athletes have been developed. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy is a progressive neurodegenerative disease marked by emotional lability, Parkinsonism, ataxia, and cognitive decline. Since its first description by Martland, much has been learned about this disease. CTE occurs in professional athletes who suffer repeated head injury in a variety of sports, but has not been found in amateurs. Pathologically, CTE presents with neurofibrillary tangles in a distribution unique from Alzheimers and with beta amyloid deposits in about half of cases. Various mechanisms of injury have been proposed, though none have been proven. Genetic studies suggest that APOE e4 may promote CTE. Areas ripe for future research include the prevalence of CTE in sports other than boxing and the pathophysiology, treatment, and prevention of this disease.

Essay --

Introduction Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) has become the foremost biopesticide since the beginning of the 1970s, due to the lethality of the toxin to insects. It has attracted industry to use it worldwide as an efficient weapon against agri-cultural pest. formerly, B. thuringiensis was considered an entomopathogen. Within the last four decades the complexity and diversity of B. thuringiensis as an insecticidal microbe have been elucidate. The first report on the crystalline parasporal body in the bacterium that might be related with the insecticidal activity appeared by 1953 (Hannay, 1953). Angus (1954) demonstrated that this crystal contains an alkaline- soluble toxin for insects. B. thuringiensis produces a f3-exotoxin well-known also as the fly-toxin, thermostable toxin, or thuringiensin, but this toxin was not permitted for use in agriculture because its toxicity was not limited to insect pests (Sebesta et al., 1981). The 8-endotoxin shows potential characteristics of an insect-specific bioinsecticide. By the end of the 1950s, the toxicity of the spore–crystal complex was classif...

Peace- George Herbert Essay -- English Literature

Peace- George Herbert George Herbert depicts a search for peace through religion in his poem "Peace" by utilizing allusion to the Bible and symbolism. George Herbert begins his poem by asking a question; "Sweet Peace, where dost thou dwell?" This is an apostrophe to Peace because the narrator is seeking peace in a variety of sublunary places and objects such as a cave, a rainbow, a Crown Imperial flower, and he finally asks a reverend where he may find peace. The reverend recounts the life of a prince who "sweetly lived" and "who lived with good increase of flock and fold." The prince died and on his grave "there sprang twelve stalks of wheat" which prospered and spread throughout the Earth. Anyone who fed on the wheat discovered "a secret virtue, bringing peace and mirth by flight of sin." The story the reverend relates to the man in search of peace is an illusion to the Bible. The prince that reverend speaks of is Jesus Christ, and the proceeding events follow the life and death of Jesus. The reverend speaks of how he was murdered by his foes which relates to Je...

Motorcycle helmet law essay Essay

Michigan Motorcycle helmet lawHello, I am here today to talk to you about the Michigan Motorcycle Helmet Law. -This law permits anyone that is 21 years of age or older that has at least 20,000 dollars in heath insurance and has passed a safety course in the past 2 years to ride a motorcycle without a helmet. I am also here to persuade you that this law doesn’t have a person’s safety as the top priority. Just recently I have witnessed a motorcycle crash happen right before my eyes. My stepmother was taking a turn at only 30 mph when she locked up her breaks and crashed over the handle bars. She has been in the hospital for a little over two weeks and it is a miracle that she is in the condition that she is in, recovering from a skull fracture and bruising on the brain, She has been riding for twelve years, no other vehicles were involved, and she was wearing a helmet, if she was not wearing her helmet, I know that we wouldn’t have her with us anymore. We were hoping she would be home for the forth of July, but the medical staff still haven’t given us a go home date as of today. Studies from the National Highway administration in 2008 showed that motorcyclists who do not use helmets are three times more likely to suffer a disturbing brain injury in a crash than those who are wearing helmets. The regulations to this law are also very insufficient. 21 years of age is when adults are just allowed to start drinking. Many people that turn 21 haven’t quite learned yet how to handle alcohol or how much is too much when it comes to drinking and driving, or in this case drinking and riding. Also 20,000 dollars worth of health insurance is not nearly enough to cover medical bills caused by accidents with a helmet, let alone to be able to cover the costs of the injuries sustained without a helmet, I can’t help but think this is going to raise everyone’s insurance premiums eventually. Even if you still think not wearing a helmet is cool, take a minute to think of this, the only way for over worked understaffed police have to check if you have the proper health insurance coverage is to pull you over, this gives the police probable cause, which in turn takes up your time and the cops time. With this law in effect, death rates and injury rates have skyrocketed up to a new high. The Michigan helmet law is more about ‘freedom’ than about safety. If you want to feel the wind in your hair stand in front of a fan. If you want to get home safe wear a helmet. All in all the Michigan Motorcycle Helmet Law has caused far more bad than good. In the end, I hope that what I have told you today will persuade you to tell a friend, family member, stranger, or even to tell yourself that it is far safer to wear a helmet, than it is to go without one. Please think twice before you decide to ride without a helmet. Guarino, M. (2012, April 13). Retrieved from http://www. csmonitor. com/USA/Politics/2012/0413/Look-ma-no-helmet! -Michigan-repeals-helmet-law.

Data Warehouse Case Study Essay

news report of the CDR When the chuck began in 199596, the CDR, initially referred to as the clinical research selective informationbase, was int closinged to tin and enhance clinical research at the University of Virginia by providing clinicians, students, and researchers with direct, rapid access to ex post facto clinical and administrative patient information. Re? ecting this intent, the schema was funded by the School of medicinal drug and ho dropd in the schoolman Computing considerablyness Sciences group, which is distinct from the medical centers IT group. With considerable assistance and cooperation from info owners and stewards, bequest info from some(prenominal) contrastive sources were unwavering into a single relative selective informationbase and sporadically updated. Authorized drug substance ab engrossrs accessed the CDR through a stock Web browser and viewed or downloaded data to their private computers for further analysis.Initially, emphasis wa s fit(p) on getting the CDR running as quickly as possible and with a minimum of resources consequently, extensive transformation of data to an enterprise data model was non performed. The CDR project team up consists of 2. 53. 0 FTEs (full-time equivalents) maven developer, one developer-database administrator, and portions of analyst, clinician, and administrative FTEs. To date, the be of developing and operating the CDR find been slightly $200,000 per year, under create verbally by the School of Medicine.Over the pedigree of the project, there contribute been signi? cant enhancements to the drug drug user interface, incorporation of supernumerary data sources, and the growth of an integrated data model. There has to a fault been increasing interest in development the CDR to serve a broader audience than researchers and to substitute management and administrative functionsto meet the scrap of providing a way for anyone with a postulate to knowat every take of th e organizationaccess to accurate and well timed(p) data necessary to support efficacious decision making, clinical research, and sour improvement.In the argona of education, the CDR has become a meat t from each oneing resource for the Department of wellness Evaluation Sciences pilots program and for the School of Nursing. Students use the CDR to understand and master informatics issues such(prenominal) as data capture, vocabularies, and coding, as well as to perform flake sight A selective information w arhouse for an Academic checkup Center 167 exploratory analyses of health care questions. Starting in Spring 2001, the CDR testament also be introduced into the universitys undergrad medical curriculum. System Description pastime is a brief overview of the CDR application as it exists at the University of Virginia.System Architecture. The CDR is a relational data warehouse that resides on a Dell PowerEdge 1ccc (Dual Intel 400MHz serveors, 512MB RAM) running the Linux op erating governing body and Sybase 11. 9. 1 relational database management system. For storage, the system uses a Dell Powervault 201S 236GB RAID dish Array. As of October 2000, the database contained 23GB of information about 5. 4 million patient visits (16GB visit data, 7GB laboratory results). Data loading into Sybase is achieved employ wont Practical Extraction and Report lyric (Perl) programs. CDR Contents. The CDR streamly draws data from four autarkical systems (see Table 1).In addition, a come up of derived values (for example, number of days to beside inpatient visit, number of times a diagnostic code is use in various settings) are computed to entrust thick information for selected data elements. Data from each of these source systems are integrated into the CDRs data model. In addition to the current contents listed in Table 1, users and the CDR project team have identi? ed additional data elements that might be collective Table 1. Contents of the CDR Type of D ata Inpatient, outpatient visits Source of Data Shared Medical Systems DescriptionPatient registration and demographic data, diagnoses, procedures, unit and census information, billing proceeding, including medications, costs, charges, reimbursement, amends information Physician billing transactions from inpatient and outpatient visits, diagnoses, and procedures laboratoryoratory test results purchasable Dates Jul 1993Jun 2000 Professional billing Laboratory results cardiac surgery IDX billing system HL-7 messages from SunQuest Lab System Cardiac surgery outcomes data (de? ned by Society of Thoracic Surgeons Oct 1992Jun 2000 Jan 1996Jun 2000 clinical details for thoracic surgery casesJul 1993Jun 2000 168 Einbinder, Scully, Pates, Schubart, Reynolds into the CDR, including microbiology results, arouse summaries (and other narrative data), outpatient prescribing information, order ingress details, and tumor registry information. As of October 2000, we have just ? nished incorpora ting death registry data from the Virginia Department of Health into the CDR. These data willing suffer our users with direct access to much comprehensive mortality outcomes data than are contained in local information systems, which chiefly are restricted to an in-hospital death indicator. exploiter Interface. The user interface runs in a standard Web browser and consists of a data dictionary, a collection of crude gateway interface (CGI) programs implemented victimization the C programming language, and JavaScript modifyd HTML pages. structure query language (SQL) statements are bewilderd automatically in response to point-and-click actions by the user, modify submission of ad hoc queries without prior acquaintance of SQL. The SQL queries are sent to the CGI programs that query the database and remember results in dynamically created HTML pages.The correct process is controlled by the contents of the data dictionary, which is used to format SQL results, set up HTML lin ks for data drill-down, and provide on-line help. Data may be downloaded immediately into Microsoft Excel or another(prenominal) analysis tool on the users workstation. Query Formulation. Most CDR users use the Guided Query function to encounter data. This process involves three steps 1. De? ne a tribe of interest by setting conditions, for example, date ranges, diagnostic codes, medico identi? ers, service locations, and lab test codes or values. 2.Submit the query, specifying how much data the CDR should travel by (all matching data or a speci? ed number of rows). 3. After the CDR returns the population of interest, use the Report Menu to explore various attributes of the population on a case-by-case or group level. use of goods and services reports can also be de? ned, and the results of any report can be downloaded into Microsoft Excel, Access, or other analysis tool. Generally, the query process requires several iterations to modify the population conditions or report opt ions. In addition, browsing the data may help the user generate ideas for additional queries.We believe that it is helpful for end users to go through this query process themselvesto directly engage the data. However, many users, specially those with a pressing need for data for a meeting, report, or grant, prefer to use CDR team members as intermediaries or analysts. To date, we have attempted to meet this preference, but as query volume change magnitudes, our ability to provide data in a incidentally manner may fall off. Security. A steering committee of clinicians guided the initial development of the CDR and established policies for its utilization and access. plainly authorized users may log onto the CDR.To shelter con? dentiality, all patient and medico identifying information has been partitioned into a secure Case Study A Data Warehouse for an Academic Medical Center 169 database. comment from or to disguised identi? ers to or from real identi? ers is possible but re quires a written request and appropriate approval (for example, from a supervisor or the human investigations committee). any data transmitted from the database server to the users browser are encrypted using the secure Netscape Web server, and all accesses to the database are logged.In addition, CDR access is restricted to personal computers that are part of the Virginia. edu domain or that are authenticated by the universitys proxy server. Evaluation Understanding user needs is the basis for improving the CDR to enable users to retrieve the data independently and to add-on engagement of the CDR at our institution. Thus, assessing the value of the CDRhow well we meet our users needs and how we might increase our user basehas been an measurable practise that has helped guide planning for changes and enhancements and for allocation of our check resources.Efforts to evaluate the CDR have included several approaches Monitoring user population and exercise patterns Administering a CDR user survey bring in queries submitted to the CDR and performing follow-up telephone interviews workout Statistics. Voluntary rule of an IS resource is an important measure of its value and of user satisfaction. 5 However, usage of a data warehouse is likely to be quite different than for other types of information resources, such as clinical information systems. A clinical system is likely to be used many times per day a data warehouse may be used sporadically.Thus, although we monitor system usage as a measure of the CDRs value, we believe that frequency of usage cannot be viewed in isolation in assessing the success of a data warehouse. Since the CDR went live, more than 300 individuals have requested and obtained logon IDs. As of folk 30, 2000, 213 individuals had logged on and submitted at least one query. This number does not include usage by CDR project team members and does not re? ect analyses performed by team members for end users. Figure 1 shows the accumula tive number of active users (those who submitted a query) and demonstrates a linear growth pattern.

Variety Of Ecosystem Services Environmental Sciences Essay

This digest deposes future education and engineering de limitinations inwardly estuaries for these sign suit which be protected under the EU Habitats Directive. At a abundant graduated put off, observations made at bottom Poole lactate tensi wizard that saltinessmarsh alte dimensionns breaking elsewhere in the UK, and potenti tout ensemble t white-h dividing lineed(a)y elsewhere in the universe, whitethorn be frequently analyzable than oftentimes demeanorrayed. Foregrounding the demand for exuberant instance by instance surveies, that use all the in reachations available everywhere a qualified enclothe intent. When in buildation is non available this should be acknowledged and a grade of cautiousness employ in construing outgrowths. four-spot-fold drivers of alte balancen argon commanding the net reading of saltmarsh in Poole carry and this is likely to be a wide expand decision for an other(prenominal) estuaries approximately the universe.On geo logical timescales tidal drainage catchment basins jackpot be considered as impermanent, ephemeral characteristics. Their creation is the consequence of a multiplex interaction amid the familial sound anatomical structure and subst grade, moo fluctuations and tidal gestures, bank bushel availability and secretaryary diffusion purposes. Historically, estuaries beget been focal invests for human activities and exploitation. Some utilizations much(prenominal) as manners, exploit the shelter offered by the somatogenetic construction of the estuary. Other utilizations involve working the enough indispensable resources of fish and shellfish available inwardly estuarine environments. Estuaries atomic number 18 ofttimes used by certain fish species as genteelness and greenhouse evidences, pulling man-sized Numberss of marauding bird and wildlife species. Estuaries draw too in recent old ages beseem the focal point for leisure activities much(prenominal) as oceanfaring and other piddle athleticss.The custom of rivers and estuaries has variety show magnitude, non solely for im contributionation of title and port maturation, but as well as in new utilizations much(prenominal) as water declension and discharges of waste. Population growing and tuition of urban industrial and agricultural countries has lead to renewal and draining of confused fraud countries, all of which impose force per social unit aras on river and estuary clays. Anthropogenetic effects provoke pastally been a study agent act uponing the syllable structure of an estuary, either straight by agencies of technology plants or indirectly by modifying the visible, chemical or biologic constitutes at bottom the estuary. Estuaries ar among the most biologically cultivable ecoorganizations on the planet, per unit past viva voce, with intertidal lieu causal agent back uping life-sized Numberss of birds and fish. As an recognition of the bionomic al maps that estuaries perform, big countries in the UK ( and much widely ) obligate been designated under the EC Habitats and Species Directive, including saltmarshes and mudflats, reed strike outs, grit dunes, vegetated shake, coastal rank marshland, saline lagunas and sea rotter beds. b bely, studies led by English Nature at heart the Stour and Orwell Estuaries, Hamford Water, Blackwell Estuary, Thames Estuary and Marshes, the Solent and Portsmouth entertain, exact raise that salt marsh countries in Eng field ar worsening.Saltmarshes on the south sea-coast of the UK, be in particular endanger ascribable to a combination of promoters. Intertidal countries suck in been shown to shit on declined with the edifice of ex track shoreed falsification apparatus webs ( notably during the nineteenth Century ) . Land renewal, alterations in sediment handiness and s poor remission impu table to glacial isostatic accommodation all being of here and now influences. C onsequently, bitant losingss be likely to go on into the here later on and these ar likely to be exacerbated by sea-level jump-start. Expected responses to first base-lying full atomic number 18 perpendicular accumulation and migration inland, cardinal of which turn in been dependent by coastal defense mechanisms.In visible(a) radiation of the spellance of estuaries, two environmentally and commercially, spirit the routines which drive them, including hydrokineticss, bil depleteds and sediment conveyance and the effects for morphologic alteration is valuable. Both in read to erupt pull off these countries and conserve the denture causa situated within them, every(prenominal) bit salutary as giving brainwave into the alterations that whitethorn rule in these countries with future culture and anthropogenetic influence.Research Purposesthither is an all everywherewhelming focal point on decay in the UK and the equilibrating melt down of accumulatio n has received deficient at going, catch under what conditions saltmarshes accrete and cognition of how to ease this pull up stakes be record momentant to future coastal boot under lifting sea pointednesss. The antique purpose of this search is to seek estuary morphodynamics with congenator to aggregational and erosional tendencies at an estuary and sub-estuary graduated plug-in and particularizedally the function of tidal dissymmetry with relation to saltmarsh alteration.In aim to analyze saltmarsh alterations alongside hydrokineticss and geomorphology a suited instance locate site was selected. Criteria for the charge of instance disc everyplace into site were de boundined finished two factors topical anesthetic anesthetic direction issues instilling saltmarshes and informations handiness ( see concomitant A ) . Saltmarsh direction issues to be considered included parts of human impacted saltmarsh ( much(prenominal) as seawall figure of speeching, dred ging and marina/port development ) every bit right as pristine saltmarsh in close propinquity, saltmarsh with varied facet and dispersal passim the estuary, saltmarsh of luxuriously quality and habitat appellation. Considerations for informations included the handiness of historical f personal credit lineylike exposure, maps and charts, bathymetric/topographic informations much(prenominal) as LiDAR, some cognition of the basic hydrodynamic procedures, and likely bing meta somatogenetic method of sexual conquestings of the estuary that bottom of the inning be employ and handiness for field informations.Poole keep is a big tidal estuary situated on the south sea rim of Britain. genus genus Spartina anglica was foremost record in Poole apply in the 1890s. It ab initio spread quickly, neverthe slight, during the 1920s it began to worsen. The close consider of saltmarsh passage, nucleus up from 1972 to 1993, is 7.5 hour angle per year ( postinging for 157.5 hour an gle of saltmarsh personnel casualty over that clip. This may non be a cosmopolitan tendency, it has been reported that in some countries of the harmonize back saltmarsh has expanded. However this is non to the profuse class forth in the old literature and so this thesis go forth more realistically restrict the tendencies and their drivers for south seashore fens, utilizing Poole hold as a instance cogitation. Saltmarsh distribution in Poole oasis and its historic development is farther described in Chapter 3. Poole moderate was elect as a suited look into demesne for third gaffer suit ( Appendix A ) . First it has big countries of pristine saltmarsh on the southern and western sides with small human impact. provided the northern and eastern sides hold big urban populations and an active and spread outing ferryboat port. The saltmarshes in Poole suckle are extend and varied in facet and in old studies fork up shown provoke tendencies in erosion. minute data handiness was respectable for Poole Harbour, with readily available historic forward passs for trine old ages end-to-end the twentieth Century. Third the hydrokineticss in the Harbour are good characte inceptiond by dint of old mathematical example conducted by Falc sensationr and HR Wallingford.Poole Harbour leave behind be examined as a instance work, in order to better see to it the relationship in the midst of tidal dissymmetry, sediment kineticss and intertidal alteration. In m either old surveies it is hypothesised that ebb governing estuaries export stand by and floodlight preponderant estuaries import determine with cardinal desexualize conveyance, geomorphologic and lastly habitat stock deductions. However, this state of aff airs may be more complex, with different countries within a individual estuary dominated by different tendencies of dissymmetry, thitherby making localised erosional and accretional tendencies.Research AimsIn drumhead, the research h as the pastime(prenominal) three aims which are expanded upon in Chapter 4.Historic commute Analysis The historic alteration analysis lead place alterations within the intertidal z wiz and depart quantify historic saltmarsh tendencies within the Harbour, utilizing maps, charts and aerial fancy taking. Methods of alteration exiting to a fault be quantified. through and through this procedure erosional and accretional tendencies at an estuary and sub-estuary graduated table arseister be outlined and drivers for these alterations identified. This has non satisfactorily been completed in old surveies and is important to deriving and full discretion of the procedures happening within the Harbour.Estuary Morphology Analysis The morphology of the Harbour entrust be investigated in some(prenominal) ship means. First the hypsography of the Harbour and its present- mean solar sidereal day(prenominal) come in with relation to equipoise volition be quantified. The hypsograp hy of an estuary ( Section 2.2.2 ) female genital organ be used to demonstrate the estuarine morphology in footings of its secretary infill. This infers the developmental phase of the estuary and hence indicates whether the estuary allow for be tending(p) to import or export place. This has a big impact on the intertidal mansion curtilage ability to nurture yard with local pro messal sea-level rise and erosional or accretional tendencies. In add-on, sub-estuary fluctuations in hypsography and tidal dissymmetry provide be assessed and compared to the historic alteration analysis to detect any correlativity. encourage transverse subdivisions of the intertidal will be examined the crabbed shore profile form bottom of the inning level erosional and accretional tendencies. This will give penetration into modern-day procedures within the saltmarshes and drivers of alteration, especially when combined with cognition of overabundant air veritable and abject cover waies which may be answerable for alterations. An analysis of sediment shear thresholds of stick tos in the Harbour, through flume testing will anyhow give penetration into how deposits be know, at that placefore achievable drivers of alteration.tidal Asymmetry Analysis Tidal flow vectors and tidal dissymmetry will be investigated within the estuary. This will be done in two ways. First dissymmetry will be work out utilizing planetaryise geometric and hydrodynamic relationships to depict the overall dissymmetry within the Harbour. Second tidal flow vectors and tidal dissymmetry will be investigated, particularly rising feed and reflux handedness, utilizing numerical conjectural bank note informations. As proveed in Section 2.1.2, flow step on its are a oldtimer driver of sediment conveyance within an estuary. Tidal dissymmetry digest take to superior flow waies, at any rate impacting sediment conveyance and distribution, which has a major(ip) impact on intertidal b lank space ground spatial relation and shelterness. Where local comparative degree sea-levels are increasing, saltmarshes rely on deposit supplies in order to accrete vertically within the tidal cat and keep comparative place. Where the chance to migrate and sufficient deposit is non available intertidal dental plate lawsuit will slowly drown and revert to turn away lift home grounds and finally modify to unfastened urine.Novelty/Originality of ResearchThis thesis aims to unite several methods of analysis in order to associate the morphodynamics and tidal dissymmetry of estuaries, with relation to saltmarsh erosional and accretional tendencies. By conjugation an analysis of historic maps, charts and aerial exposure, historic saltmarsh alteration and its scene sess be investigated. Analyzing estuary morphology and geting modelled hardhold flow end products, drivers of these alterations batch be identified. By taking a multidisciplinary flack catcher, estuarine hydroki neticss can be linked to sediment conveyance forms, which drive the morphology of the Harbour and may be a dominant driver of the historic saltmarsh alterations sight. previous surveies refering saltmarsh alterations within Poole Harbour get hold of been conducted at a less rarify degree than within this survey and sustain overlooked little graduated table alterations within brook establishments. uncomplete localized tendencies of wear away or accumulation, or the drivers and mechanisms of the alterations observed were investigated in these old surveies. Saltmarshes in the UK suck up been in diminution passim the twentieth Century and in the hereafter will be under increasing force per unit sphere payable to low-lying rise eve if the Habitat Directive addresses the force per unit nation of coastal development. Saltmarshes are of import two in footings of designated home grounds, which are protected by europiuman canon, every bit good as give a sorting of ecosystem services. Hence, at a wide graduated table, placing and understanding the drivers of alteration in saltmarsh systems and the timescales they track down over, is important in helping determination create mentally in future coastal direction.Structure of ThesisThis thesis is coordinate into nine Chapters. Chapter 2 will reexamine the relevant literature di throw upsing estuarial morphology and hydrokineticss associating these procedures to saltmarshes and the home grounds found within the intertidal zone. Chapter 2 will excessively discourse estuarine modeling, analyzing both numerical hydrodynamic hypothetical accounts, every bit good as the hypsography conceptual hypothetic account. Chapter 3 introduces the instance survey used for this survey, Poole Harbour, with a punctuate literature reappraisal. Chapter 4 outlines the informations and methods used to look into historic saltmarsh tendencies and hydrodynamic procedures within Poole Harbour. This has been undertaken in three pass phases each(prenominal) ground on the three aims 1 ) historic analysis of alteration, 2 ) look intoing the morphology of the Harbour through hypsography and cross shore profiles and 3 ) look intoing tidal dissymmetry through generalised geometric and hydrodynamic relationships and modeling. The consequences from each of these Sections will be presented in Chapters 5, 6 and 7 severally with initial decisions presented at the terminal of each Chapter. A treatment, uniting all methods and consequences and with recommendations for farther work, will be presented in Chapter 8. Chapter 9 will sketch the overall decisionsLiterature reappraisalThe undermentioned Chapter reviews the relevant literature in order to inform the purposes and aims discussed in Chapter 1. First estuaries are discussed, including the three important facets of this thesis, saltmarsh sort, morphology and hydrokineticss. Second estuarial modeling is explored and the suppositious accounts used in this surve y are introduced including both confirmable and procedure based suppositional accounts.EstuariesThe term estuary, derived from the Latin aestus significance heave, refers to a lingua of the sea making inland. A widely used explanation describes an estuary as a semi- enclose coastal organic structure of pee holding a free affiliation with the unfastened sea and within which sea H2O is measurably diluted with fresh H2O derived from land drainage , . Their human body and purpose are incessantly altered by the corroding and affirmation of deposit and consequently hold a broad assortment of signifiers. Most estuaries are geologically really callow and have certain when the last post-glacial rise in sea degree inundated coastlines and drowned river vales 10,000 old ages ago. twain chief procedures are thought to drive the development of an estuary. First the long term normd sediment supply, being either from inland ( preponderantly from fluvial beginnings ) or the unfast ened seashore, along with the way and magnitude of the long-term fair(a)d deposit conveyance, . Second disconnected and cyclical alterations in the estuarine morphology causes hydrodynamic procedures to change over clip, and at several graduated tables, from storm hithertots and technology plants, exclusive tidal metres to the spring-neap heartbeat, seasonally or the 18.6 yr nodal rhythm, .Estuaries are besides place to complex home grounds that develop under these conditions, germinating to get by with the extremes of perpetually altering salt and tidal degrees. The scend is the cardinal characteristic more or less which saltmarsh maps through chopine accumulation, it coiffes the altitudinal scope of a fen and is important to the development and care of the creek webs.SaltmarshesSaltmarshes are be as intertidal countries of all right deposits beef up by characteristically halophytic industrial plant, and are widely genuine in low-energy environments where pitiable rooftreelinepole action is moderate. The top(prenominal) bound of saltmarsh colonization appears to be determined by interspecies competition with tellurian kit and caboodles at senior juicy lifts, as they are less good fitted to those conditions ( Hughes and Paramour, cc4 ) . However, this upper bound can much be approximately defined as the degree of highest galactic soar. The comparative placement of mudflats and saltmarsh within the tidal signifier is illustrated in Mistake Reference beginning non found.Saltmarshes can be found across coastal Europe, including the Mediterranean, with a considerable scope in footings of species composing and works community construction. More Northern fens tend to hold fewer species and a simple construction greatly influenced by the limited growth season. randomnessern fens tend to hold a much wider scope of species and are characterised by all twelvemonth growing.The EC Habitats and Species Directives beg member states to denomi nate countries of importance, including saltmarshes, for peculiar home grounds and species as Particular Areas of Conservation. Together with Particular security Areas designated under the Conservation of Birds Directive, these countries form a Europe broad web known as Natura 2000 . These decide out steps to keep at, or hypothecate to a favourable preservation position these designated sites and requires book stairss to avoid deva transmit or impairment of home grounds. Saltmarshes provide of import ecosystem services being of import home grounds within the coastal zone, both as protected countries for wildfowl species, babys rooms for piscaries stocks and supplying an of import constituent of coastal protection via paltry continue dissipation.Saltmarsh distribution across Great Britain has been described in several surveies. They are found all near the coastline of Great Britain, and falsify well in character, Boorman ( 2003 ) , describes fundamentally two types of saltm arsh, lowland and highland. Lowland fens being associated with major estuaries in low lying countries such as the Wash, Essex, north Kent, the Solent, the Severn estuary Liverpool verbalise and the Solway Firth. Upland countries are described as being scattered in distribution with little stray fens associated with minor estuaries or at the caputs of sea lochs. Patterns of saltmarsh development are locally or regionally based, nevertheless it is clear that in countries where comparative low-lying rise and restraints on saltmarsh migration are present, at that place will be a inclination towards low-level and frequently devolving marsh signifiers. Saltmarsh eroding and accumulation have been observed at several clip graduated tables, tidal, seasonal and decadal. However as a general tendency saltmarshes have historically been worsening in the South of the UK and as low-lying rise is evaluate to stimulate up, these losingss are expected to increase and good loss of saltmarsh in many coastal countries is non insurmountable by the terminal of this century if certain defense mechanisms are maintained and upgraded. Hence understanding the procedures which affect saltmarsh and intertidal countries and the ecosystem services that they provide is faultfinding.Spartina anglica colonization in the UKMany of the UK s saltmarshes are relatively immature, and were formed as a consequence of the debut of cord grass Spartina alterniflora by ship from America in the early nineteenth century, hybridization with the native Spartina maritima and the speedy growing of the aggressive intercrossed Spartina anglica. Rapid enlargement of Spartina anglica led to it passing a dominant saltmarsh species, but this was followed by extended die-back, the causes of which are still non clear.Saltmarsh diminutionSaltmarshes have historically declined in the UK ( Jones et al. , 2011 ) , surveies in south-east England have reckon place of loss of about 40 hour angles year-1 for the past 50 old ages ( olympian Haskoning, 2004a, Pye and French, 1993 ) . Studies in the Solent part exemplify how some saltmarshes have halved in hoidenish since 1970 ( Baily and Pearson, 2007, munificent Haskoning, 2004a, Cope et al. , 2008 ) .Crooks and Pye ( 2000 ) , identified six chief mechanisms for eroding within saltmarshes 1 ) retreat of near-vertical clifflets at the fen border, 2 ) denudation of a beginning edge sod flat landwards of the clifflet top, 3 ) retreat of a ramped fen front line, which may be incised by erosional purses, 4 ) scratch of the infixed fen brook with associated bank prostration and headward eroding, 5 ) flora die-back and eroding of the grow clay over big countries of the at bottom of the fen, and 6 ) scratch coalition of drainage ditches or agricultural rooftree and furrow systems. some(prenominal) theories have been suggested as drivers for these eroding mechanisms, which are by and large split into two classs ( a ) biological, and ( B ) physical. Biological impacts suggested are the increased usage of agricultural weedkillers, which contribute to the diminution of microphytobenthos and hence deposit stableness. Bioturbation and herbivory by species such as Nereis diversicolor and, peculiarly in countries where this species may be in great copiousness ascribable to sewage pollution may be another option. Surveies have shown that non merely does Nereis diversicolor disrupt groundbreaker species, but they can besides lend to creek eroding.Physical procedures suggested to lend to saltmarsh decline include increased wave action, a step-down in sediment supply and coastal squeezing.In shoal parts, such as estuaries, wind-waves can hold an consequence on turbidness ( Anderson, 1972, Ward et al. , 1984 ) . However this tends to change over the tidal rhythm as the fetch alterations delinquent to the outgrowth and submerse of sand bars or mudflats ( Green et al. , 1997 ) and so the kernel of contemptible ridge energy go in an estuary can be strongly related to the signifier and morphology of the estuary. change magnitude wave action, peculiarly at the seaward border, has been suggested to lend to saltmarsh diminution ( Burd, 1992 ) . Studies in Manukau Harbour, New Zealand ( Swales et al. , 2004 ) have besides linked wave energy gradients with spacial differences in long-run Spartina growing. However, sidelong eroding has been observed in both clear and sheltered locations and in countries where at that place is sediment sufficient for the mudflats to accrete in gait and so this can non merely be due to low-lying rise taking to great beckon fading at the fen forepart at these locations. However it may be a conducive factor in countries that are unfastened and have seen a bead in mudflat profile, physically or comparative to sea degrees. Since the 1930s intertidal seagrass beds have besides declined in copiousness and distribution. This may besides lend to an increased miserable r idge fading at the fen forepart. Figure 2.2 illustrates the morphologic difference amid an accreting or gnawing shoreline.The given that historic saltmarsh loss is chiefly due to coastal squeezing, where breakwaters hold back the landward migration of saltmarsh in response to low-lying rise may be over simplified. The form of flora loss, largely of innovator species, is confrontation of what it should be, where upper workss are squeezed out first. Besides diminution has occurred in countries where there is ample deposit available for the fens to accrete and that they do non, . However, coastal squeezing may go an progressively major factor in saltmarsh loss over the future(a) century. In England, inundation defense mechanisms have removed most chances for natural landward migration, . Further, while most old research has tended to take on individual drivers, multiple drivers may be in operation. Hence, it is of import that trends in coastal ecosystems, including saltmarshes , are strictly investigated and analysed utilizing historic informations beginnings. Historic saltmarsh alterations have been analyse at a spacial graduated table in the Westerschelde ( Netherlands ) . In this survey a comparatively short clip period, 30 old ages, was used. However, survey demonstrated the necessity to see the local feedback mechanisms in the midst of works growing, morphology and hydrokineticss of both the saltmarsh and the mudflat, when standard the position of saltmarshes. It besides illustrated the importance of measuring alterations in saltmarsh at a spacial graduated table sooner than looking at entire alterations in estate.MorphologyEstuarine morphology is a consequence of interactions among deposits and non-linear tidal extension, . Non-linear tidal effects can take to a tidal tortuosity or dissymmetry where inundation and ebbing lengthiness are unequal, ensuing in speed differences during each phase of the course. Dyer notes that flood/ebb laterali ty plays a polar function in estuarial deposit conveyance and morphodynamics.Kirby, classes boggy seashores as either accretionary, stable or gnawing, depending on the hydrodynamic forcing and sediment supply. assemblage dominated seashores occur when sediment supply snuff its the rate of low-lying rise. In these parts the cross sectional profile is likely to be high and umbel-like in form, Figure 2.2. Kirby ( 2002 ) describes eroding dominated seashores as where the rate of deposit supply is less than that of comparative low-lying rise, or where the amount of the destabilising forces exceeds that of the recollective forces . These profiles frequently exhibit a drop among the dismal foreshore and any saltmarsh backup this part, the saltmarsh is besides usually disconnected, frequently due to the widening and deepening of the saltmarsh brook. Erosion dominated parts frequently besides have a low and concave cross Sectional form Figure 2.2.Beginnings of all right deposits in estuaries can be from many beginnings, including from the catchment, cliff eroding or from a seaward beginning, but will change between different systems. Both cohesive ( clay, congest, clay ) and non-cohesive ( sand, c heydayed rock ) deposits are found within estuaries, nevertheless, they behave in significantly different ways with respects to sediment conveyance.The motion of deposit on the ocean floor begins when the shear emphasis ( ?0 ) becomes sufficiently great to get the better of the frictional and gravitative forces keeping the scintillas on the bed, this nurse is the critical shear emphasis ( ?c ) . wherefore for any given deposit there will be a critical shear speed ( u*c ) which determines sediment motion, The relationship between grain size and critical shear emphasis is non a additive one, peculiarly for cohesive deposits such as silts and clays that are found on mudflats and in saltmarshes. Although single atoms of cohesive deposits are by definition little, con sisting clays ( 0.0005mm-0.002mm ) , silts ( 0.002mm-0.0625mm ) , and sometimes a subordinate sexual union of sand ( & A gt 0.0625 millimeter ) , there are strong masking forces that hold the grains together one time they have been deposited. They are lifted as flocculates or bunchs and if they have become partly amalgamate, such as on open clay flats, so they require high shear speeds in order to originate conveyance. So although the atoms merely take a little speed in order to transport them in H2O, one time deposited are non easy eroded contempt the all right grain size, this procedure is called scour meanwhile, . The coherence of these really all right grained deposits is besides influenced by H2O content, mineral composing and salt of overlying H2O and H2O trapped between the grains, . Mud and silts are by and large transported as a hang up burden. However, when the critical bank deposital shear emphasis is reached the grains will get down to settle towards the bed. The grains will go on to be transported for a clip, this processes is called settling meanwhile, and can be peculiarly of import in sediment deposition within estuaries. Slowdowns of up to 1.3 hours between easy layimal legitimates and extremum suspend deposit concentrations have been recorded, .It was besides observed that current speeds less than 0.2 m/s indicated periods of slack H2O where deposit variety was suppressed. Widdows et Al. deployed unmoved gulchs in the Humber Estuary to mensurate critical eroding speeds, where an suppose critical speed of 0.31 m/s was recorded on the upper shore instantly below the saltmarsh, and an norm of 0.235 m/s on the mid shore, severally. Other deployments found that a marked decrease in the critical eroding speed from 0.26 m/s to 0.15 m/s between ridge and pool countries, where the pool countries are invariably submerged and the ridge countries are exposed to air for around 7 hours per tidal rhythm.Estuarine HypsometryStrahler describes t he usage of hypsography to analyze the morphology of drainage basins, where the per centum hypsometric thread relates plain cross-sectional rural area of a drainage basin to relative lift preceding(prenominal) basin viva voce cavity. Through the usage of dimensionless parametric quantities, curves can be described and compared irrespective of original graduated table, with curves demoing typical differences in sinuousness of signifier and proportionate state below the curve, . Different signifiers could be linked to phases of estuary development with a immature estuary exhibiting small deposit infill and a mature estuary typified by big vividnesss of deposit infill.several(prenominal) more recent surveies have investigated the application of empirical expression to hypsometrical relationships in estuaries including. Other surveies including besides discuss the function of saltmarsh and intertidal storage countries, with relation to hypsometry. largess and Byrne ( 1981 ) deri ved a technique to cipher the hypsometric curve for estuaries, following equations 2.1-2.3a/A = G/ ( r+G ( 1-r ) Equation 2.1where G= ( 1-h/H ) ? Equation 2.2r=Amin/A Equation 2.3Where h= flush preceding(prenominal) lower limit basin lift, H=height between upper limit and minimal basin lift, A=total/maximum basin country, Amin= marginal basin country, a=basin country lying below contour at altitude H, and ?=factor commanding the country below the hypsometric curve ( i.e. the script of deposit in the basin ) , Figure 2.3.The parametric quantity ? is calculated utilizing curve adjustment, this can be used to depict the geomorphologic province of the estuary. An estuary where ?=3.5-5.0, will be small in-filled and flood dominant, while an estuary where ?= 1.8-2.5 will be good in-filled and will be ebb dominant. Hence, this method may give some penetration into the future deposit tendencies within an estuary. Hypsometry can be merely observed by plotting x= a/A and y=h/H, where a= c ross Sectional country at tallness H, A is the entire country of the basin and H the entire tallness of the basin. This consequences in a hypsometric curve leting the comparing of the signifiers of basins of different sizes and lifts.Moore et Al. , applied this method to the Dee estuary, normally categorised as inundation dominant. However, it was found that ?= 2.2 and so it could be exchanging making morphological offset and haply exchanging to an wane dominant symbolize. This could ensue in a lessening in accumulation ad realizable erode in the hereafter.Tidal AsymmetryThe importance of asymmetric tidal rhythms in the conveyance and accretion of deposit in shallow estuaries is good established, . drench dominant estuaries, have shorter prolongation, higher speed inundation tides, and tend to infill bring with deposit. Whereas ebb dominant systems, have shorter, higher speed ebb tides, and tend to blush bed-load deposit seaward, .Flood laterality occurs when the combined ef fects of bottom clangor and tidal fluctuation of the deep H2O is big, doing the moving ridge crest to travel more speedily than the trough bring forthing a short protraction flood story of the tide and more rapid inundation currents, . Ebb laterality occurs within estuaries essentially by interactions between the deep canalises and the shallow H2O countries, and the changing distribution of clash during the tide Aldridge illustrated that tidal dissymmetry throughout an estuary could be linked to sediment conveyance tracts and morphodynamics. It was besides demonstrated that although estuaries are frequently generalised as either inundation or wane dominant, fluctuations within the estuary may besides happen. titanic countries of tidal flats and fens significantly alter the kineticss of an estuary, through frictional forces, sediment sinks and H2O storage.The influence of tidal dissymmetry on the residuary fluxes of coarse and all right deposit is different owing to different conveyance belongingss. The geological fault burden of harsh deposit is strongly limited by current velocity and adapts to alterations in current velocity quickly. For all right deposit, impregnation of the suspended burden seldom occurs with most sediment deposition happening at merely really low current velocities with a subsiding clip hold which can be of import to sediment conveyance, .Dronkers distinguishes two types of expect geometry in irregularly molded estuaries ( 2.4 ) . character reference 1 estuaries with shallow business lines that lessening with knowledge landward and tidal flats below bonnie sea degree. Type 2 estuaries with deep channels throughout and tidal flats above middling sea degree. Where, in Type 1 estuaries the free H2O period before wane will transcend the loose H2O period before inundation, and so a residuary import of all right deposits is favoured. The opposite is true in instance 2. A natural feedback between these 2 signifiers of sediment a ccumulation and so eroding leads to a fluctuation of signifier around an equilibrium. The construct of estuarial equilibrium suggests that under a given set ofhydrodynamic conditions an estuary will dissipate to a stable equilibrium morphology.However, it is improbable that a to the full stable estuary can be as external forces moving on the estuary are non invariable over clip, such as human intervention, tides and moving ridges.Dronkers develops the dissymmetry ratio, shown in Equation 2.4.Equation 2.4Where H = the mean deepness of the channel or the mediocre hydraulic deepness given by, h=a+Vlw/Slw, a = the tidal amplitude, Slw = the surface country at low H2O, Shw = the surface country at high H2O and Vhw and Vlw, the volumes at high and low H2O.A value of ? equal to 1 suggests a unvarying tide, with value & A gt 1 bespeaking inundation laterality and & A lt 1 bespeaking ebb laterality. This equation was applied by Townend to 155 estuaries across the UK, a big sum of spr ead was notable in the consequences, potentially as a effect of informations quality, nevertheless at a casual degree a big envision of UK estuaries were observed to be ebb dominant.An alternate attack to look into tidal dissymmetry is given by Freidrichs and Aubrey. It was found, in shallow estuaries of the US Atlantic seashore, that the magnitude of the ratio tidal amplitude and hydraulic deepness can bespeak overall tidal dissymmetry.For little a/h values ( & A lt 0.2 ) estuaries tend to be ebb-dominant, irrespective of the extent of the tidal flats or fens. every bit for big a/h values ( & A gt 0.3 ) estuaries tend to be flood dominant. However, a/h is frequently most applicable to pelter dominant systems and the parametric quantity derived from the ratio between the intertidal storage in flats and fens and volume of channels at average sea degree is largely responsible for asymmetric tides in ebb dominant estuaries. Where a/h does non mean either inundation or wane later alityIf 0.2 & A gt a/h & A lt 0.3 so Vs/Vc can be used as a comparative index between different estuaries. Townend noted that this method may non be applicable to some of the extended UK estuaries with big tidal scopes. However, it may be more applicable to an estuary such as Poole, which is microtidal.Other tidal dissymmetry relationships, including dissymmetry that arises as a consequence of the deformation of the tidal moving ridge through frictional affects, are discussed by Freidrichs and Aubrey, Wang et Al, . This can be related to alterations in the comparative stage and amplitude of the M4 and M2 tidal components. A direct measuring of non-linear deformation and hence the magnitude of the dissymmetry are calculated as the M4 and M2 amplitude ratio ( M4Amp/M2Amp ) . A ratio of 0 indicates a wholly undistorted tide and a ratio & A gt 0.01 indicates important deformation of the tidal moving ridge.Second, the way of the dissymmetry ( inundation or wane ) can be defined by ciphering the stage of M4 relative to M2 ( 2M2phase-M4phase ) . Where a comparative stage between 0 & A deg and 180 & A deg indicates that the continuance of the ebb tide is longer than the continuance of the inundation tide, as the same volume of H2O flows in and out of the estuary during both the wane and the inundation tidal phase the flow rate will be greatest and hence the tide will be flood dominant. Other values of comparative stage indicate that the continuance of the ebb tide is shorter than the continuance of the inundation tide and hence the tide can be considered ebb dominant, .Pethick describes tidal dissymmetry in footings of tidal moving ridge patterned dismiss within an estuary. When estuaries are broad and deep and the average deepness is significantly greater at high tide than at low tide, the tidal moving ridge patterned advance is more rapid at high H2O than low. Hence an asymmetric moving ridge, giving a inundation dominant speed, ensuing in the estuary beh aving as a deposit sink with net deposit input. Pethick ( 2004 ) suggests that as deposit continues the lift of the intertidal would increase and hence the average deepness of channel would diminish. Leading to a decrease in deposit rates and possibly even a reversal to short term eroding. The estuarial signifier would in this sort fluctuate around an equilibrium signifier.Therefore the ratio between average deepness at high H2O ( MDhw ) and average deepness at low H2O ( MDlw ) can bespeak tidal dissymmetry ( MDhw & A gt MDlw inundation dominant, MDhw & A lt MDlw ebb dominant ) .These dissymmetry computations and ratios are discussed further in Chapter 4, when applied in order to visor broad-scale dissymmetry of Poole Harbour.Estuarine ModelingIn order to shout out future estuary morphology, many techniques have been developed, runing from procedure based suppositious accounts ( bottom-up theoretical accounts ) to administration or systems attack theoretical accounts ( top- down theoretical accounts ) . A signifier of theoretical account that combines both of these techniques is called a intercrossed theoretical account. occasion Based ModelsProcedure based ( bottom-up ) theoretical accounts aim to retroflex physical procedures by work outing a set of equations that describe H2O and sediment motion. The footing of procedure theoretical accounts is normally a hydrodynamic readiness that represents parametric quantities such as H2O degrees, discharges, currents, moving ridges, denseness currents and secondary circulation, this can so be coupled to a sediment conveyance and morphological theoretical account to foretell alterations to sedimentary procedures. Procedure based theoretical accounts are normally more suitable to short-run ( yearss to months ) forebodings of morphological alteration as over longer clip scales any anticipation mistakes will roll up and go amplified.Therefore the operation of a procedure based theoretical account requires a thor ough apprehension of the estuaries behaviour, in both morphological and hydrodynamic footings. This enables the theoretical account to be calibrated and validated and thereby reduces the accretion of mistakes when doing long-run anticipations. Examples of procedure based theoretical accounts include Delft 3D, MIKE and TELEMAC.The TELEMAC procedure patterning system was developed ab initio at the Laborotoire National dHydraulique, a section of the research subdivision of Electricite de France ( Hervouet, 2000 ) . TELEMAC-2D provides the hydrokineticss horizontal depth-averaged speeds and H2O deepness. Many physical phenomena are taken into history, such as clash, turbulency, air current speed, fluctuations of atmospheric force per unit area and astronomic tide-generating procedures. TELEMAC has been used for many different surveies, including modeling of cohesive deposit conveyance ( Le Normant et al. , 1998, Le Normant, 2000 ) patterning the hydrokineticss of river flow ( Corti and Pennati, 2000 ) patterning the flows within a dam hurly burly ( Le Normant et al. , 1998 ) and patterning tidal flows ( Kuang and Stansby, 2006 ) .A theoretical account of Poole Harbour utilizing TELEMAC has been developed by HR Wallingford and will be discussed further in Section 2.2.3.Regime ModelsGovernment or equilibrium theoretical accounts assume that the estuarine system is nearing a mark province of equilibrium therefore based on the dimensions and hydrokineticss within the estuary it is possible to foretell this hereafter equilibrium signifier of the estuary. A go in of intercrossed theoretical accounts that combine judicature ( or equilibrium ) theory with hydrokineticss have been developed so that the long-run prognostic capableness of government theoretical accounts are combined with a more elaborate description of the prevailing hydrokineticss. When utilizing a intercrossed government theoretical account it is common to specify the equilibrium or mark province of the estuary and so utilise a hydrodynamic theoretical account in a iterative procedure that continually adjusts conditions towards this defined morphological province.An illustration of a government theoretical account that has been used to measure the critical rate of low-lying rise for estuaries, that triggers the loss of intertidal volume, is ASMITA ( aggregated Scale Morphological Interaction between Inlets and close seashore ) , . It was foremost presented as a behaviour-based theoretical account and consists of a schematised tidal recess system with three chief morphological elements, ebb-tidal delta volume, channel volume and level volume. ( Kragtwijk et al, 2004 ) . These elements are described by one variable stand foring their morphological province A major premise is that under changeless hydrodynamic forcing each component tends towards a morphological equilibrium which can be defined as a map of hydrodynamic forcing and basin belongingss ( van Goor et al. , 2003 ) .Pool e Harbour ModelsAs this survey aims to associate the distribution of saltmarsh to hydrokineticss, a procedure based theoretical account capable to retroflexing tidal speeds and H2O degrees at an appropriate declaration is required.Several theoretical accounts have been developed for Poole Harbour, including a TELEMAC 2D theoretical account by HR Wallingford and a hydrodynamic H2O quality theoretical account, developed to foretell H2O lifts, deepness averaged speed and pollutant concentrations both are procedure based theoretical accounts. The HR Wallingford TELEMAC theoretical account was used in this survey as it was considered to be the most up to day of the month and theoretical account end products were more easy integrated with the consequences of the saltmarsh alteration analysis.Poole Harbour TELEMAC hydrodynamic theoretical accountWith permission from HR Wallingford and Poole Harbour Commissioners, the TELEMAC theoretical account for Poole Harbour was used for this survey. T he TELEMAC theoretical account satisfies the demands of this research and can supply mean tidal flow vectors under present conditions bespeaking countries within the oasis that are flood and ebb dominant and possible correlativities with saltmarsh and mudflat eroding from the historic analysis.The underlying Sn affiance varies with truth throughout the Harbour, as the theoretical account was developed to look into possible effects of dredging in the chief channels, reported in, therefore it is these countries that have the highest declaration. However the theoretical account declaration will be sufficient to give penetration into hydrodynamic procedures in other countries of the Harbour besides, peculiarly the southern intertidal shore and Wareham Channel.The theoretical account was calibrated by HR Wallingford utilizing flow informations poised from current metres at 7 locations within Poole Harbour and 6 tidal diamonds, during the 11th and 12th March, 1990, tidal information wa s besides collected at this clip. However, these proof points were all positioned in the north-east of the Harbour adjacent to the chief channel, which was sooner the focal point of the theoretical account.DrumheadSaltmarshes are present in many sheltered tidal environments throughout the universe and are designated under European jurisprudence in Europe, including the UK. Previous surveies of historical saltmarsh distribution have shown varied forms of eroding and accumulation. Despite the big sum of research depicting the relationship between estuarine morphology and hydrokineticss, small work exists associating these factors to saltmarsh distribution in a spacial condition. The dominant hydrodynamic procedure in estuaries is normally tidal and this is normally denotative as a step of tidal dissymmetry with ebb dominant systems ensuing in eroding and inundation dominant systems taking to accumulation. As the morphology and hydrokineticss are linked, dissymmetry can be calculate d from either morphological steps ( normally associating the comparative tallness and extent of intertidal countries and channels ) or direct measurings of tidal parametric quantities ( such as speed or components ) . A procedure based numerical theoretical account can be used to map the spacial distribution of hydrokineticss and therefore will be used to associate hydrodynamic procedures to saltmarsh alteration in Poole Harbour.As discussed in Chapter 1, a instance survey site was required in order to look into the links between saltmarsh alteration, hydrokineticss and estuarial morphology. Poole Harbour was chosen ( Appendix A ) and the undermentioned Chapter reviews the literature on its history and development and the surveies that have been antecedently conducted within Poole Harbour.Poole Harbour is a big tidal estuary situated on the south seashore of Britain ( Figure 3.1 ) with an intertidal country of 2050ha, . Although Poole Harbour has been studied at the local graduated table, it has neer been studied from a encompassing systems attack. It was formed as a consequence of Holocene low-lying rise that inundated a system of river and vale watercourses. The geomorphology of the Harbour consequences from the combined effects of shipboard soldier and sub-aerial procedures on both intertidal zone and shoreline, the channel hydrokineticss, anthropogenetic alterations of the shoreline and channels, catchment hydrology impacting both the fresh water and deposit inputs and the spread and diminution of the saltmarshes, .The Harbour has a complex dendritic signifier with many feeders and some obvious bays. Holes Bay, on the northern side of the Harbour, is an about enclosed boggy northern arm, much affected over the old ages by land renewal and the spread and subsequent diminution of Spartina anglica. Since 1924 the intertidal country has been reduced from c.330 to less than 250 hour angle, chiefly due to reclamation along the E shore for port and urban develo pment, .Holes Bay is lined by contrived sea walls, bowlder embankments and quays, as in much of the northern shore of the Harbour. In its natural province this would hold been a gradual passage from mudflat and saltmarsh through reedbeds and croping fen. East of Holes Bay, Lytchett Bay is well less change by renewal and has by and large less boggy and nutrient-enriched deposits. The West shore which receives the outfall of the Sherbourne River in its gist is lined by a series of low earthen embankments with extended reedbeds and forest. Chief rivers, the Frome and the Piddle, enter the Harbour from west to east and run out the chalklands of Dorset, with a catchment country transcending 70,000 hour angles along with two other minor rivers, the Sherford and the Corfe. Large countries of flood plain have been historically reclaimed within these environing river vales. In its sum of money are five chief islands, Brownsea, Furzy, Green, Round and Long. difficult H2O channels within the Harbour are maintained by natural scour supplemented by dredging and are restricted, with some 80 % of the Harbour country comprising of inter-tidal, all right grained clay, sandflats and fens. The southern shore of the Harbour is made up of more pristine home grounds, with extended mudflats and saltmarsh that of course grade to crop, unrestricted in most countries by breakwaters or substructure.Poole Harbour is regionally of import in footings of Nature preservation, peculiarly with home ground and saltmarsh losingss happening nearby in the occidental Solent. There is no 1 chief current menace but the combination of transit, habitat loss, renewal, eroding and Phragmites colonisation seaward over the saltmarshes may ensue in a loss of home ground and biodiversity. The long term menace is that there is non fitted deposit come ining the system to maintain gait with low-lying rise, which would ensue in a loss of intertidal country, and in the long term submergence of the estuary . This will be exacerbated by dredging and development peculiarly along the northern shore where defense mechanisms retard migration of home grounds. However along the South and west there may be sufficient adjustment infinite as there are no unreal barriers to migration and the countries are mostly managed for temper preservation intents.History and developmentHuman DevelopmentPoole Harbour has been used for trade and piscaries since the agitate Age, with extended renewal of the Frome and Piddle flood plains in the mediaeval period. By the 13th century Poole was a comfortable commercial port, it developed further from the 17th to 19th centuries, booming on trade with Newfoundland. During the Second World War the Harbour was used intensively and was of import in the readying for the D-Day landings in 1944. From the mid-1950s, development continued with the building of a power station on the shore at Hamworthy, renewal and waterfront development. There are presently eight yacht n ines and 10 boatyards every bit good as marinas wedded to residential developments. Europe s largest onshore oilfield lies under the Harbour with Wellss on Furzy Island and Goathorn Peninsula and the port has late been enlarged to suit larger cross channel ferries and roll-on roll-off cargo.Geological DevelopmentMelville and Freshney, and Royal Haskoning suggest that the bulk of surface deposits around Poole Harbour today originate from alluvial sedimentations laid down by the rivers feeding the Harbour and that beneath and within these sedimentations there are seams of broken rock and peat.Edwards describes the stratigraphy at Arne saltmarshes, where 3 transects of 40 boreholes were taken. The pre-Holocene surface underlying the saltmarsh exhibits a stepped profile, in boreholes deeper than -1.1 m OD, organic-rich humefied radical peat sedimentations are widespread. Whereas in boreholes where the Bagshot beds ( bedrock ) occurs above this height the peat beds are absent. Edward s, describes a similar survey at Newton Bay in Poole Harbour, Here the boreholes indicate that the incline of the pre-Holocene surface is steeper than that at Arne but is similar in general signifier, with the Bagshot Beds inclining from +0.2m OD to -0.6m OD, where a measure occurs down to -1.0m OD, once more peat is observed in the boreholes where the Bagshot beds are beneath -1.0m OD.Edwards, besides uses a foraminiferal transportation map for average tidal degrees in combination with carbon 14 dated twinge to build a record of comparative sea degree alteration in Poole Harbour. The survey concludes that since the start of the Holocene there was a composite sequence of events dwelling of four stages of deposit and comparative sea degree alteration. amongst ca. 4700 year BP and ca. 2400yr BP, mean tidal degrees appear to hold risen in Poole, deluging and continuing the sequence of peat sedimentations. amongst ca. 2400yr BP and at least ca. 1200yr BP the rate of low-lying rise ap pears to diminish with average tidal degrees staying at or below -1.0m OD. During this clip deeper H2O deposits accumulated, with the stratigraphy interrupted by sandlike beds. Edwards, suggest that these flaxen sedimentations may extend an erosional stage, with the littorals derived from local drop eroding. However, May, implies that the sand beds do non necessarily connote an erosional stage and that the deposition of such stuff would depend upon conveyance forms. Phases of greater moving ridge energy or displacements in wind way may besides bring forth countries of deposition besides changes in the geomorphology of the Harbour oral cavity could besides change depositional tendencies. Edwards suggests that as tidal degrees fell the Harbour oral cavity contract and therefore reduced the tidal prism, this would ensue in slower currents. Conversely, during a rise in tidal degrees after ca. 1200 year BP, the oral cavity may hold widened under the influence of enhanced current spee ds, potentially doing a switch from wane to deluge dominant tides, ensuing in an inflow of flaxen deposits. After ca. 1200yr BP the information indicates a brief rise in average tidal degree, and by ca. 800yr BP the major stage of sand deposition has ceased with no other indicants for farther alterations in tidal degree until ca 400yr BP.The 4th stage described in Edwards, is the re-create comparative low-lying rise, with an evident rise in comparative sea-level between ca 400yr BP and 200 year BP, ensuing in marsh sink. This is indicated by the terminal of organic lagoonal deposit and the beginning of minerogenic silt-clay.Hydraulic FeaturesWavesIn shallow parts, such as estuaries, wind-waves can hold an consequence on turbidness. However, this tends to change over the tidal rhythm as the fetch alterations due to the outgrowth and submerging of sand bars or mudflats and so the sum of moving ridge energy moving in an estuary can be strongly related to the signifier and morphology of the estuary. Increased wave action, peculiarly at the seaward border, has been suggested to lend to saltmarsh diminution. Surveies in Manukau Harbour, New Zealand have besides linked wave energy gradients with spacial differences in long-run Spartina growing.Wind informations collected at North Haven ( Figure 3.2 ) suggests that the dominant air current way for Poole Harbour is from the southwesterly with a smaller extremum from the north-east. For this peculiar twelvemonth south-westerly air currents dominated most of the twelvemonth with strong north-easterly air currents happening during the November to January period. Wind speeds seldom exceed 15m/s, with a maximal annual air current velocity of 49m/s. The fetch across Poole Harbour, peculiarly from sou-west to nor-east, is big plenty for important locally-produced wind-waves to happen, with 1 light speed twelvemonth moving ridge conditions making a Hs of 1m and so wind way and velocity are potentially important to erosional procedures.The capableness for moving ridge extension within the Harbour is illustrated by the admixture of bluffs around the Harbour borders, as has historically been noted by May. There is no comprehensive survey into moving ridges in Poole Harbour. However, informations is available for site specific surveies. The moving ridge clime is dominated by deepness limited locally generated moving ridges as storm moving ridges do non perforate beyond the immediate country of the Harbour entering due to diffraction and refraction effects, . Halcrow Maritime have modelled utmost moving ridge highs based on hind plaster bandage from local and regional air current informations, these vary from 0.5 to 1.2m for a 1 in 100 twelvemonth return, depending on location with regard to bring. North-eastern parts of the Harbour are the most energetic and are exposed to longer fetches from dominant south south-westerly winds/waves. It is likely moving ridges would hold driven some littorals from Poo le Bay into the Harbour, . However, Royal Haskoning reason that although moving ridge breakage has a important consequence on the currents in the circuit breaker country, the flow government of the Harbour and attack channel is dominated by tidal action.TidesThe tides within Poole Harbour are extremely variable in form ( Figure 3.3 ) due to the propinquity of a local lower limit in the amplitude of the micro-tidal chief semi-diurnal tidal components in Poole Bay and the M2 pervert amphidromic point of the English Channel. Hence, the tidal government is characterised by a little dual high H2O consequence, with a average tidal scope of about 1.8m at springs and 0.6m at neaps ( nevertheless these values vary with location throughout the Harbour ) . Tidal degrees are above average H2O from about 2 hours after low to about 2 hours before the following low ( i.e. for about 8 hours per tidal rhythm ) . This is of ecological significance as it limits the handiness of mudflats as feeding ev idences for of import wading bird populations, while conversely increases the eating clip for many get across feeding invertebrates populating in the mudflats which contribute to the diet of waders and besides supply local piscaries. This besides consequences in a comparatively hapless zonation of the flora, with a limited country between MHWN and HAT in which saltmarsh can annex ( Figure 3.3 ) . collectable to the dual high H2O within the Harbour, with the chief extremum followed by a lesser high H2O extremum, calculated average high H2O spring and average high H2O neaps are lower than would be expected, 0.8 and -0.8 m OD severally. There is a clip slowdown in the tide within the Harbour, which is most swell at low tide, the North Haven and Ro-Ro tide gages are shown on Figure 3.1. In the context of the Harbour they are comparatively close to one another, a more marked clip slowdown would be expected between the Harbour oral cavity and western countries within the Wareham Chann el. The average tidal scope at the Harbour entryway for 2007 was 1.5m and 1.12m at the Ro-Ro ferry terminus ( Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory, pers. comms. ) . However, the maximal scope can be much larger and besides varies throughout the Seaport with up to 2.2m recorded at the Ro-Ro ferry terminus ( Poole Harbour Commissioners, pers. comms. ) , 1.2m at Arne peninsula and 1.6m at Newtown Bay, .The wane tidal watercourse at the Harbour entryway has been recorded as holding higher speeds than those of inundation, with max velocities of around 2m/s ( SCOPAC, 2004 ) . Characteristic speeds in the chief channel are 0.5m/s ( SCOPAC, 2004 ) , bespeaking ebb laterality from these Figures.Low-lying Rise and SurgesAverage low-lying tendencies for the English Channel over the twentieth Century have been calculated between 0.8 and 2.3 mm/yr, with the tendency at nearest Stationss of Southampton and Weymouth ( 3.1 ) of 1.30 0.18 mm/yr and 1.81 0.28 mm/yr, severally.This part is dominated by rushs generated from depressions in the western English Channel approaches. Surges recorded in Southampton H2O can make degrees of 1.5m, and within the English Channel positive rushs tend to happen more often and are of greater amplitude than negative rushs, . The maximal H2O degrees experienced tend to match with moderate instead than extreme rush degrees. However, this tendency is non as evident at Poole due to the smaller tidal scope ( Haigh, et al. , 2004 ) . With a low tidal scope the rush can besides potentially play proportionately greater function in act uponing utmost H2O degrees, .Due to its microtidal government this besides suggests that the estuary, within a UK context, will be limited in its ability to set with low-lying rise and is vulnerable to future alterations ( fibrocystic disease of the pancreas ( Nicholls et al.,1999 ) ) . The long term menace is that there is non adequate deposit come ining the system to maintain gait with low-lying rise, which would ensue in a loss of intertidal country, and in the long term submerging of the estuary. This will be exacerbated by development peculiarly along the northern shore where defense mechanisms prevent migration of home grounds. However, along the southern shore there may be accommodation infinite for this migration.Sediment BudgetThe geomorphology and deposit of Poole Harbour is ill described within the literature. However, localized surveies have been conducted, with focal point on the accretion and release of deposits associated with the spread and dieback of Spartina anglica and the deposit and dredging of the chief navigable channels.May set about a study of Poole Harbour to measure the manner in which shoreline alterations have taken topographic point, concentrating peculiarly on Holes Bay. In this survey it was attempted to root on the shoreline at the terminal of the last marine transgression ( 6,000 old ages BP ) , Figure 3.4. this was besides illustrated in Halcrow ( 1998 ) . Since th at day of the month, it was concluded that alteration has chiefly taken the signifier of Deposition of depositCliff erodingBuild-up of fen as a consequence of flora growing on mudflats ( e.g. Spartina )Human intervention, including the building of breakwaters and embankments, throw away of town waste and renewal of fenThe possible beginnings of deposit to the Harbour were assessed as from offshore, cliff eroding, saltmarsh eroding, strand eroding, channel eroding, and river flows, . Of these the offshore beginning has been identified as the most important beginning of flaxen stuff, although this has non been quantified. Neither cliff eroding, beach eroding, channel eroding nor river flows have been considered to supply important sums of deposit to the system and therefore the system is considered a closed or near-closed system with respects to all right deposits. From bathymetric surveies calculated the net loss of all right deposit from Poole Harbour being between 56,000 and 76,0 00 m3/year, the deposit was non specify as being sand or silt/clay. This was derived utilizing the best available informations in each country and chart analysis for the old ages 1984 and 2003. This survey concluded that loosely talking the intertidal mudflat country is rest about changeless, with the beginning of the deposit is preponderantly from the saltmarshes.Poole BaySurveies of sand mobility at the Harbour entryway indicate an un-quantified government agency for inward conveyance during combinations of storm moving ridge and inundation tide conditions. The presence of sand and crushed rock inundation tidal deltas instantly inside the entryway together with flaxen deposits covering the Harbour bed in the locality of the entryway confirm the happening of this procedure, . By and large the Harbour bed comprises flaxen stuff around the swash channel at the entryway and in the eastern portion of the in-between ship channel, farther in towards the port the bed deposits contain an increasing proportion of all right deposit, .Royal Haskoning reported observations under blusterous conditions demoing extremum suspended concentrations of up to 600mg/l, these concentrations were considered the consequence of eroding due to locally generated wind-waves. Datas collected by the EA indicated that suspended sediment concentrations were of the order of 10mg/l or less, with compass degrees in brook with intertidal countries being in the order of 50mg/l, .Fluvial BeginningsTwo major rivers flow into Poole Harbour, the Frome and Piddle, along with two smaller 1s ( Sherford and Corfe ) , there are besides a figure of l